1．initial adj.开始的，最初的→ initially adv.最初，首先；开头→initiative n．首创精神；倡议
2．confirm v．证实，证明 →confirmation n．确认；证实；证明 3．crowd n．人群→ crowded adj.拥挤的；塞满的
4．attempt n．努力，尝试vt.企图，试图；尝试→attempted adj.企图的；未遂的 5．fail v．失败→failure n．失败
6．psychology n．心理学→psychologist n．心理学家
1．up to达到(某数量、程度等)；直到；能胜任；正在干……，从事着(尤指坏事) ①I can take up to four people in my car. ②I don't feel up to the task.
③Up to yesterday，I thought he was single.
④It's up to you to decide whether to go or to stay. 2．figure out 想出， 理解； 弄明白， 看透；计算出 ①I can't figure out what he was hinting at. ②Please figure out the total cost.
③Could you help me figure out this problem? ④I didn't figure out how to do it.
⑤I simply couldn't figure out his intention.
Words and Phrases
知识要点1 thus adv.因此，从而
(教材P49) Christopher Columbus(1451－1506)was an Italian explorer who completed journeys between Spain and the Americas，thus marking the beginning of European exploration of the Americas.
克里斯托弗·哥伦布(1451－1506)是一位意大利探险家，他完成了西班牙和美洲之间的旅程，从而标志着欧洲探索美洲的开始。
[例1] The universities have expanded，thus allowing many more people the chance of higher education.
看透 计算出 解决 想出 弄明白 多达 胜任 直到 由……决定
大学扩招了，这样就使更多人能有机会接受高等教育。
[例2] We do not own the building.Thus，it would be impossible for us to make any major changes to it.
我们不是这栋楼房的房主，因此不能对它进行大改动。
[造句] 老年人常常想方设法省钱吃饭，结果损害了他们的健康。
Old people often try to save money to eat，thus endangering their health. [知识拓展] therefore adv. so conj. as a result [即学即练] 单句语法填空 ①They never change and thus/therefore I can trust them. ②He lost his health，and therefore his difficulties increased. 知识要点2 confirm v．证实，证明
(教材P50) The first people confirmed to have reached the top were Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay in 1953.
第一批被证实登上顶峰的人是1953年的埃德蒙·希拉里和丹增·诺盖。 [例1] Rumours of job losses were later confirmed. 裁员的传言后来得到了证实。
[例2] His guilty expression confirmed my doubt. 他内疚的表情证实了我的猜疑。
[造句] 你能证实一下接下来发生了什么事吗？ Can you confirm what happened next? [知识拓展] confirmation n． confirmed adj. confirm to have done sth. [即学即练] 单句语法填空 ①I am confirmed (confirm) in my opinions by what you told me. ②I'm still waiting for confirmation (confirm) of the test results. 知识要点3 (be)similar to 与……相似
(教材P51) In 2011，words similar to those of Mallory were spoken by American mountain climber Alan Arnette，who climbed Qomolangma in that year and was going to climb other high mountains around the world.
证实，证明；确认函 成习惯的，根深蒂固的，坚定的 确认已完成某事 因此；所以 因此；所以 结果；因此 2011年，美国登山运动员艾伦·阿内特(Alan Arnette)说了类似于马洛里的一些话。当年，阿内特登上了珠穆朗玛峰，并打算登上世界各地的其他高山。
[例1] My opinions are similar to his. 我的看法跟他的相似。
[例2] She has a dictionary similar to mine. 她有一本和我的类似的词典。 [造句] 玛丽的帽子和简的差不多。 Mary's hat is similar to Jane's. [知识拓展] be similar in similarly adv. similarity n. [即学即练] 单句语法填空 ①The two cars are very similar in size and design.
②My teaching style is similar to that of most other teachers. 知识要点4 bring...into focus 使……成为焦点
(教材P51) It brings into focus what's important to you. 它会让你关注对你来说重要的事情。
[例1] This will broaden your horizons and bring new ideas and opportunities into focus.
这会开阔你的视野，为你关注的事物带来新的想法与机会。
[例2] We touched on too many topics，so the group leader brought all of them into focus by summarizing.
我们谈及了许多话题，因此组长通过总结把所有讨论的问题谈清楚了。 [造句] 新经理组织能力太强了，很快就把主要问题搞清楚并且解决好。
The new manager was so wellorganized that he brought the problems into focus and solve them soon.
[知识拓展] focus n． focus sth.on 焦点；集中点；焦距；中心v.(使)集中；聚集 集中某物于/把某物对准…… 在……方面相似，和……差不多 相似地；类似地 相似；类似 focus one's attention/mind/energy on 集中注意力/心思/精力于 [即学即练] 单句语法填空 ①Having focused(focus) his attention on urgent problems，he hardly has time to
play games with you.
②With the development of society，the focus of public attention has changed(change)，too.
知识要点5 figure out弄明白
(教材P51) It forces you to look deep inside yourself and figure out if you really have the physical，as well as mental，toughness to push when you want to stop.
它迫使你审视自己的内心深处，弄清楚自己是否真的有足够的体力和脑力，当你想停下来的时候去推动它。
[例1] I can't figure out what he is talking about. 我真搞不懂他在讲什么。
[例2] No one could figure out where the gas came from in his magic. 没人能搞懂他魔术中的气体来自哪里。
[造句] 小男孩似乎弄明白了老师正在讲解的题目。
The little boy seems to have figured out what the teacher is explaining. [知识拓展] figure n． 数字；图形；人物；身材；体形；人影 keep one's figure figure on figure that [即学即练] 单句语法填空 v．计算；想；估计；认为 保持(优美的)身材 期待， 指望， 依赖 认为， 认定 ①There are many stone figures (figure) along the two sides of the road. ②You can figure on him showing (show) up in the party on time. [小片段填空]
As an important figure of the company，Sue tried to figure out how to announce that the company had earned less than 6 figures that year.And most importantly she figured that few people was likely to believe her.
作为公司的重要人物，苏设法想出如何公布公司去年收益不到六位数的消息。最重要的是，她认为很少有人会相信她。
知识要点6 attempt vt.企图，尝试n.努力，尝试
(教材P51) With the majority of attempts to climb Qomolangma resulting either in total success or failure，is there also a scientific reason behind this risktaking?
大多数登珠峰的尝试要么完全成功，要么彻底失败，那么在这种冒险行为背后是否也有科学依据呢？
[例1] In an attempt to attract more customers，they took a variety of measures. 为了吸引更多顾客，他们采取了各种措施。
[例2] The two friends made an unsuccessful attempt at a compromise. 这两个朋友试图和解但未成功。 [造句] 为削减费用，关闭了两家工厂。
Two factories were closed in an attempt to cut costs. [知识拓展] attempt at doing sth./to do sth. 尝试或努力做某事 make an attempt at doing/to do sth. at one's/the first attempt [即学即练] 单句语法填空 ①There's no point in attempting to present(present) your idea to him—he'll never listen.
②He made an attempt to pass(pass) the 2019 College Entrance Examination，but he didn't succeed in the end.
知识要点7 (教材P51) He refers to the personalities of these people as“Type T”，with the“T”standing for“thrill”．他把这些人的性格称为T型，T代表“惊险刺激”。
(1)refer to...as把……称之为
[例1] I always refer to him as a bookworm. 我总是称他为书呆子。
[例2] People who work in offices are usually referred to as“white collar workers”．
那些在办公室工作的人被称为“白领工人”。 [造句] 她总是称汤姆为“那个好人”。
She always refers to Tom as “that nice man”． [知识拓展] refer to sb. refer to sth. [即学即练] 单句语法填空 ①Students are asked to complete the exercise without referring (refer) to any materials.
②If you don't know what this word means，refer (refer) to the dictionary. [小片段填空]
指的是某人；提及某人 参考；查阅；提及 尝试或努力做某事 第一次尝试 In his speech，he didn't refer to the pollution of the company at all.Although his secretary prepared enough related information about it for him，he didn't refer to any.He was referred to as an irresponsible leader by his colleagues.
在他的演讲中，他一点儿也没有提及公司的污染问题。尽管秘书为他准备了这方面足够多的材料，但是他一点也没有参照。他被同事称为一个不负责任的领导。
(2)stand for代表；主张
[例1] It's well known that the olive branch stands for peace.众所周知，橄榄枝代表和平。
[例2] We Chinese stand for peace and wish to settle all disputes by peaceful means.
我们中国人民是主张和平的，希望用和平方式解决争端。 [造句] PRC代表中华人民共和国。
PRC stands for People's Republic of China. [知识拓展] stand by stand out stand up can't stand sth./doing sth. [即学即练] 单句语法填空 ①How can you stand by and do nothing when she needs help?
②I can't stand seeing (see) children smoking anywhere at any time.
Sentence Patterns
重点句式1 It is ＋ 过去分词 ＋从句
(教材P51) It is still not known if he succeeded in reaching the top of Qomolangma before it took his life.
目前还不清楚他是否在丢掉性命之前成功登上珠峰峰顶。
句式分析：该句中it是形式主语，后面的if引导的从句是真正的主语。而且此处的it不可用其他词如this，that等来代替。在英语中，只有it可作形式主语。
[例1] It is not known if he is fit for the job. 还不清楚他是否适合这份工作。
[例2] It is widely known that seven people were killed in the accident. 人们都知道这场事故中有七人丧生。 [造句] 大家都知道中国姓放在名字前面。
It is known that family names come before the first name in China.
站在旁边；袖手旁观；支持 显著；突出 站立；站起来 不能忍受(做)某事 [知识拓展] (1)句型“It＋be＋过去分词＋that”中常用的过去分词有：said，reported，considered，believed，hoped，suggested，estimated，admitted等。 (2)下列三种句型可以相互转换 It＋be＋过去分词＋that →People say/think...＋that... →Sb./Sth.＋be＋过去分词＋不定式 [翻译] ①It is generally agreed that he is one of the most famous writers in our country.(大家普遍认为)
②It was reported that he had won the game at his first international competition.(据报道)
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①It's often said that we are living (live) in an age of information explosion. ②We are said to be living (live)in an age of information explosion. 重点句式2 either...or...要么……要么……
(教材P51) With the majority of attempts to climb Qomolangma resulting either in total success or failure，is there also a scientific reason behind this risktaking?
大多数登珠峰的尝试要么完全成功，要么彻底失败，在这种冒险行为背后是否也有科学依据呢？
句式分析：本句中either...or...是连接词，意为“或者……或者……；不是……就是……”。在这里连接两个宾语。
[例1] I'm going to major either maths or biology in university，as both are my favorite subjects.
在大学里我打算要么学数学，要么学生物，因为这两个都是我最喜欢的科目。 [例2] You either go or stay.Don't just wander here doing nothing. 你要么走，要么留。不要在这儿走来走去无所事事。 [造句] 我们要么选张伟做我们远足的队长，要么选刘迪。
We will elect Zhang Wei or Liu Di as our captain of going outing. [知识拓展] either...or...主要用于表示选择，其意为“要么……要么……”“或者……或者……”，用于连接两个性质相同的词或短语；连接两个成分作主语时，谓语动词通常与其靠近的主语保持一致。除可连接两个词或短语外，有时也可连接两个句子。其否定式可以是not either...or...，也可以是neither...nor...。 [翻译]
①He neither knows nor cares what happened.(既不知道也不关心)
②Neither the teacher nor the students are going to Huangshan.(老师和学生都不) [即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Either you or I am (be) wrong.It is impossible that we are both right. ②One will get ill，either because he doesn't take enough exercise，or because he doesn't have a healthy diet.
1．(教材P50) For these people，climbing Qomolangma is an experience like no other，making some feel weak and others，powerful.
[分析] 此句是一个主系表结构的简单句。Climbing Qomolangma是动名词短语作句子的主语。like no other是介词短语意思是“与众不同”。making some feel weak and others，powerful是动名词短语作定语修饰表语an experience，结构为：make sb.do sth.，and 后面为省略结构，原句应该为making others feel powerful。
[译文] 对于这些人来说，登珠峰是一种与众不同的体验，能让一些人感到虚弱，让另一些人感到强大。
2．(教材P51) Psychologist Frank Farley has spent years studying people who jump out of planes and drive fast cars，as well as those who climb Qomolangma.
[分析] 此句是一个主从复合句。主句是主谓宾结构的句子。其中spend time doing sth.后面的宾语people后面有两个who引导的定语从句；as well as连接两个定语从句。
[译文] 心理学家弗兰克·法利用多年的时间研究那些高空跳伞以及开快车的人，以及那些登珠峰的人。
教材 1.With the majority of attempts to climb Qomolangma resulting either in total success or failure，is there also a scientific reason behind this risktaking？ 2.He refers to the personalities of (2018·全国卷Ⅲ)Wang Shu，a 49yearold (2017·江苏卷)A quick review of successes and failures at the end of year will help shape your year ahead. 高考 these people as “Type T”，with the “T” Chinese architect，won the 2012 Pritzker standing for“thrill”． Architecture Prize—which is often referred to as the Nobel Prize in architecture—on February 28.
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．The girl won the game at her first (one) attempt in the national competition. 2．I could hear them talking but I couldn't figure out what they were saying. 3．I like English and thus I chose English as my major in the college. 4．I'm going to buy either a camera or a CD player with the money. 5．Would you like to know what the stars on the national flag stand for? 6．Those referred(refer)to as heroes are the common people around us. 7．The result of the exam confirmed (confirm) our judgement before.
8．We can only attract someone similar to ourselves (us)in character and personality.
9．The explosion brought the school bus safety into focus of the school's daily work.
10．It is generally believed that we should make it clear if we have the potential to do better what we are doing.
Ⅱ.短语填空
open up；bring...into focus；result in；be connected to；refer to... as；stand for；figure out；focus on；take risk；benefit from 1．Our flag stands for our country. 2．People who like taking risks are adventurous and daring to do almost everything. 3．The latest news brings Sun Yang into focus but he makes no comment. 4．You really have to figure out what you are good at and try to achieve it. 5．Many countries have benefited from the The Belt and Road Initiative. 6．The new project opens up a new road to cooperate with different business partners.
7．The failure of Chinese Basketball team resulted in the loss of the chance to the Olympic Games.
8．We Chinese people refer to our language as Han，which we are all proud of. 9．If you want to achieve your goal，you need to focus on what is the most important. 10．Our health is closely connected to our eating habits and daily lifestyle. Ⅲ.课文语法填空
Last year，hundreds of people 1.spent (spend) good money on an experience that they knew 2.would include (include) crowds，discomfort and danger.Many would become
sick，due 3. to the extreme cold and low air pressure, and a few would even lose their 4.lives (life)．For those people，5.climbing (climb) Qomolangma is an experience making some feel powerful.For them，6.what they get from the adventure is just sheer joy.That is what life 7.means (mean)．It brings into focus what is important to them and forces you to look deep inside 8.yourself (you)．Psychologists refer to the personalities of these people as“Type T”．Although the climbers may say they are experts but are not taking risks，they don't expect 9.to die (die)．Our desire to seek risks can be connected to 10.how much we expect to benefit from the result.
因篇幅问题不能全部显示，请点此查看更多更全内容