英语句子一般主语在前, 谓语在后, 但有时因为语法结构的要求或由于修辞的要求,要改变句子的自然语序,把一些本应置于主语之后的成分提前,我们称这种语序为倒装语序。
解释1:
部分倒装—是指将谓语的一部分如系动词,助动词或情态动词倒装至主语之前。如果句子的谓语没有助动词或情态动词,则需添加助动词do, does或did,并将其置于主语之前。
解释2:
完全倒装即把整个谓语放到主语之前
In came the teacher and the class began. (老师走了进来,然后开始上课。)
部分倒装即只把谓语的一部分(如助动词、情态动词等)放到主语前,或把句子的强调成分提前。
Nor did he let the disease stop him from living the kind of life he has always dreamt about(疾病没有使他放弃过上梦想中的生活)
解释3:
为了表示强调,经常将never等否定副词或by no means等杏定词组放在句首,此时句子要求将系动词、助动词或情态动词放在主语之前,而谓语部分位置不变,这就是部分倒装。
Not until yesterday did little John change his mind.直到昨天小约翰才改变主意。
完全倒装是主语和谓语完全颠倒。如;
Here comes the bus. 公共汽车来了。
There goes the bell. 铃响了。
解释4:
英语句子的自然语序是“主语 + 谓语”。
如果将谓语的全部或一部分放在主语之前,这种语序被称为“倒装”。谓语全部放在主语之前,为全部倒装;只把助动词,连系动词或情态动词放在主语之前,为部分倒装。
倒装的原因,一是语法结构的需要
(如某些疑问句);二是为了强调;
三是保持句子的平衡或是上下文紧密相接
解释5:
英语句子的结构一般是“主语 + 谓语”,语法上称这种语序为自然语序。但有时由于出于语法结构的需要或修辞的需要,常把句子中的一部分或全部倒转过来,这种语序就是倒装语序。英语的倒装分为部分倒装和完全倒装。其中部分倒装指的是将谓语的一部分位于主语前,其句式与一般疑问句的相同。
如:
She hardly has time to listen to music.=Hardly does she have time to listen to music. 他几乎没时间听音乐。
而完全倒装则指将谓语动词完全置于主语前。完全倒装一般具有以下两个条件:
①谓语动词是单个(即不带情态动词、助动词或be)的不及物动词,且只限于一般现在时或一般过去时。
②主语只能是名词。
Here comes the bus. 公共汽车来了。
Away went the runners. 赛跑选手们跑远了。
The door opened and in came Mr Smith. 门开了,史密斯先生进了来。 注:若主语为人称代词,则不能用倒装。如: Away he went. 他跑远了。
全部倒装
全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用于一般现在时和一般过去时。
常见的结构有:
1. Here, there, now, then, thus 等地点副词和时间副词置于句首时,谓语动词常用 be, come,
go, lie, run等表示来去或状态的动词。例如: Then came the chairman. 那时总裁来了 Here is your letter. 你的信。
2. 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首,谓语表示运动的动词,例如:
Out rushed a missile from under the bomber. 轰炸机肚底下窜出一枚导弹 Ahead sat an old woman. 前面坐着一个老妪
3. 在there be 或者 there live (stand, exist ,appear, seem, remain……..)句型中,例如:
There are thousands of people on the square. There lived an old fisherman in the village. There stands a little girl.
如果不明白为什么there 引导的句子是全部倒装的话,可以看一下如下补充讲解: 补充:
There引导的是一种特殊的句子,there放在句首好似主语,但真正的主语在后面,表示“有……。”there在这里没有实际意义,there在这里只是引导词。
There is a rainbow in the sky. 天上有一道彩虹。
There’s a car coming. 有一辆车开过来了。
There be句型中,通常动词和主语保持一致, 如果有两个或多个主语时, 动词一般和最近的一个保持一致。
There was a sofa and two armchairs. 有一张长沙发和两张小沙发。
There is a boy and two girls dancing on the meadow. 草坪上有一个男孩和两个女孩在跳舞。
有时也可和所有主语保持一致。
There were one or two chaps there. 那儿有一两个人。
In addition to her, there were Mr. and Mrs. Delby. 除了她还有戴尔比夫妇。
4. 状语或表语类
为了保持句子平衡或使上下文衔接紧密,有时可将状语或表语置于句首,句中主语和谓语完全倒装,如:
Among these people was his friend Jim. 他的朋友吉姆就在这些人当中。
By the window sat a young man with a magazine in his hand.
窗户边坐着一个年轻人,手里拿着一本杂志
在表语置于句首的这类倒装结构中,要注意其中的谓语应与其后的主语保持一致,而不是与位于句首的表语保持一致。比较: In the box was a cat. 箱子里是一只猫
In the box were some cats. 箱子里是一些猫
5. 非谓语动词类
有时为了强调,可将谓语部分的现在分词、过去分词或不定式置于句首,从而构成倒装。如:
Standing beside the table was his wife. 站在桌旁的是她的妻子。
Buried in the sands was an ancient village.一个古老的村庄被埋在这沙土之中。 To be carefully considered are the following questions.下列问题都要仔细考虑。
6. 以here等副词开头引出的完全倒装
在描述情景时,为了使景象更生动,有时把here, there, now, then, out, in, up, down, off, away等方向性副词作为句子开头,句子用完全倒装。此时,①句子主语必须是名词;②谓语动词通常是be, come, go, run, rush, fly, follow, fall等表示位移的不及物动词,且为一般时态;③其中的here, there不是表示地点,而是用以引起对方注意。如:
Here comes the bus. 汽车来了。
There goes the bell. 铃响了。
Here are some advertisements about cars. 这儿是几则有关汽车的广告。
7. 直接引语放在句首引起的完全倒装
若直接引语的部分或全部放在句首,并且说话人是名词时,将say或ask置于说话人前,构成完全倒装。如:
“Are you ready?” asked the teacher. “准备好了没有?”老师问道。
“It is unbelievable!”said Alfred Butts. 阿尔弗雷德·布滋说,“这真叫人难以置信!”
8. 在某些表示祝愿的句型中。例如:
Long live the People’s Republic of China. 中华人民共和国万岁! May you all be happy. 愿你们都快乐
注意:上述全部倒装结构中的主语必须是名词, 如果主语是人称代词则不能倒装, 如下:
Here you are. 给你。这是给某人某物的习惯用语 Here he comes.他来了
Away they went.他们走开了
其他辅助了解:
如果谓语动词是be动词,部分倒装怎么变?
1.答案:就把这个be动词(is)提前即可.
2.此时部分倒装和全部倒装的确有可能搞混,但关键是它们的用处不一.
3.其实把be动词提前的全部倒装只适用于以下情况:“表语 + be + 主语...”.(而且此时主语必须是名词,不能是代词)
其他的就全是部分倒装了. 如:
1)Standing in the front of the classroom is a pretty girl.全部倒装 2)Only by working hard is he able to achieve success.部分倒装
英语问题完全倒装谓语放在动词前还是后 被动的时候
能否举出一个具体例子 追问
listed are the 还是are listed 确定是完全倒装 追答
完全倒装是是listed are the„„
如果非谓语已经学过的话,这个问题可以这样想 过去式的基本形式是be done
done是动词的过去分词,而过去分词的主要功能相当于形容词 也就是说be done相当于be+adj.
也就是说be done相当于一个系表结构
完全倒装的一个经典句型是原主系表结构完全倒装后变为表+系+主 那么被动语态的完全倒装形式应该是done+be+主
部分倒装
1. 句首为否定或半否定的词语或含有否定意义的副词位于句首时。
如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, scarcely, at no time 决不, by no means, on no account, in no case, under no circumstances, in no way, many a time, not until……等 如下:
Never have I seen such a performance. 从未见过如此糟糕的表演,
Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.无论如何你不会找到这个问题的答案的。
后来我再也没见到过他了。
I never saw him again.
→Never did I see him again.
他很少出去吃饭。
He seldom goes out for dinner.
→Seldom does he go out for dinner.
她几乎没时间听音乐。
She hardly has time to listen to music.
→Hardly does she have time to listen to music.
他几乎没有认识到他面临的危险。
He little realized the danger he faced.
→Little did he realize the danger he faced
2.当Not until位于句首时,句子要倒装.其结构为:Not until+从句/表时间的词+助动词+(主句)主语+谓语+。
a.当Not until引出主从复合句,主句倒装,从句不倒装。即:后倒前不倒。注意: 如否定词不在句首不倒装。例如:
The mother didn’t leave the room until the child fell asleep. = not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room
Not until the teacher came in did the students stop talking.
直到老师进来学生们才停止讲话。
Not until next week will the sports meet be held. 这里be动词不用前置倒装。 直到下周才开运动会
Not until we finished our homework did he come. Not until midnight did he return. b.not until的强调结构为:It is / was not until+从句/表时间的词+that+.上面两句改为强调句为: ③It was not until the teacher came in that the students stopped talking. ④It is not until next week that the sports meet will be held.
因此呢,现在的用法属于not until 的强调结构.这种用法很常见
3. only型倒装
以only所修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句的句子
当一个状语受副词only的修饰且置于句首时,其后用部分倒装语序。如:
Only in this way can we learn English. 只有这样才能学会英语。
Only then did I understand what she meant. 只有到那时我才明白她的意思。
Only for the love of his family does he do such hard work. 只为了他对家庭的爱,他做这么辛苦的工作。
e.g. Only when the war was over in 1918 was he able to get happily back to work. 只有1918年战争结束,他才能开心地重归工作。 Only in this way can we learn English well. 只有这样我们才能学好英语。
注意:如果only后的词组不是状语,不需倒装。
e.g. Only Wang Lili knows this. 只有王丽丽知道这个。
4. so型倒装
当副词so后接形容词或副词位于句首时,其后通常用部分倒装。如:
So cold was the weather that we had to stay at home. 天气太冷,我们只好呆在家里。
So fast does light travel that we can hardly imagine its speed. 光速很快,我们几乎没法想象它的速度。
So sudden was the attack that we had no time to escape. 袭击来得非常突然,我们来不及逃跑。
以so开头的句子还有这样一种倒装——表示前面提出的某一肯定的情况也同样适合于后者,这类倒装的基本结构是“so+助动词+主语”。如:
You are young and so am I. 你年轻,我也年轻。
She likes music and so do I. 她喜欢音乐,我也喜欢。
If he can do it, so can I. 要是他能做此事,我也能。
5. not only型倒装
当not only„but also位于句首引出句子时,not only 后的句子通常用部分倒装形式。如:
Not only is he a teacher, but he is also a poet. 他不仅是一位教师,而且是一位诗人。
Not only did he speak more correctly, but he spoke more easily. 不仅他讲得更正确,也讲得更不费劲了。
6. where 引出的倒装句
Little Jim is going to spend his holiday in Paris, _________ lives his uncle.
A. which B. who C. where D. that
【分析】许多人一看到空格后的谓语动词lives,就以为空格处一定要填一个作主语的词,从而误选B或D。其实,此题的最佳答案应是C,where lives his uncle 为倒装词序,此句可改为 and there lives his uncle 或 and his uncle lives there。类似的如:
He was led to a dark corner, where sat his old father.
他被引进一个黑暗的角落,他的老父亲坐在那儿。
Towards evening we reached the village, where lived her parents.
到傍晚的时候,我们到了那个村庄,她的父母就住在那儿。
At last we found the spot he told me, where lay a dead dog.
最后我们找到了他告诉我们的那个地点,那儿躺着一条死狗。
为便于理解,请比较下面的倒装句: Next to it stood a pile of paper cups. 它旁边有一堆纸杯。
In the doorway stood a man with a gun. 门口站着一个手持一枝的男人。 In the corner of the room stood a big old chair. 屋角儿放着一把旧的大椅子。 On a perch beside him sat a blue parrot. 在他旁边的栖木上栖着一只蓝色的鹦鹉。
as, though 引导的部分倒装
as / though引导的让步从句由于语法需要,可将表语或状语提前(形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前)。但需注意:
1) 句首名词不能带任何冠词。
2) 句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语,随实义动词一起放在主语之前。例如:
Shortest as/though she is, she is not the richest.(倒装后,最高级前不用冠词) Child as he is, he knows a lot.(倒装后,单数名词前不用a)
Fail as I did, I would try again.(倒装后,实义动词提前,在主语后添加助动词。) Hard as he tried, he didn't pass the exam.(副词提到句首)
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily. 他工作很努力,但总不能让人满意。
注意:让步状语从句中,有though,although时,后面的主句不能有but,但是 though 和yet可连用。
so„ that,such„that引导的结果状语从句中,当so和such位于句首时,用”so\\such + adj. + 主语+谓语”。例如:
So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch. 他害怕得很,动也不敢动。
So difficult was the exam that most of the students failed to pass it. 考试如此难,以至于大多数同学没能考过。
在if虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词,可将if 省略,把 were, had, should 移到主语之前,采取部分倒装。例如:
Should it rain tomorrow, we would not play basketball.如果明天下雨,我们就不会去打篮球了。 =If it should rain tomorrow, we would not play basketball.
Had I prepared well, I couldn't have lost the job.如果我准备充分了,就不会失去这份工作了 =If I had prepared well, I couldn't have lost the job. Were I you, I would try it again.
=If I were you, I would try it again. 我是你的话,就再试一次。
涉及so„that的部分倒装
在so... that„结构中,若将so+adj. / adv. 置于句首,则其后的主句要用部分倒装。如:
So cold was the weather that we had to stay at home. 天气太冷,我们只好呆在家里。
So much did they eat that they could not move for the next hour. 他们吃得太多了,一个小时都动弹不得。
So loudly did he speak that even people in the next room could hear him. 他讲话声音那么大,隔壁屋里的人都听得见。
So fast does light travel that we can hardly imagine its speed. 光速很快,我们几乎没法像它的速度。
So sudden was the attack that we had no time to escape. 袭击来得非常突然,我们来不及逃跑。
类似地,当such„that„结构的such„置于句首时,such后的句子也要使用部分倒装。如:
Such a nice man did he seem that we all believe him. 他像个很和蔼的人,所以我们都喜欢他。
其他倒装
虚拟结构中
1.在虚拟结构中,条件从句的谓语含有were, had 和should这三个词是,可省去if,将这些词移至主语之前。 e.g.
Had I time (= If I had time), I would go and help you. 如果我有时间,我会去帮助你的。
Were I you (= If I were you), I would go abroad. 如果我是你,我会出国。
Should he come (=If he should come), tell him to ring me up. 如果他来,告诉他让他打我电话。
2、as 引导的让步状语从句
as引导让步状语从句时要倒装(形容词/ 副词/ 名词/ 动词 + as + 主语 + 谓语)。 e.g.
Proud as they are, they are afraid to see me. 他们很傲慢,但是也害怕看到我。
Child as he is, he seems to know everything.(child前不加冠词) 他虽然是个孩子,但他好像知道所有事。
Hard as he worded, he made little progress. 虽然他工作很努力,他的进步却很少。
3、So + 形容词、副词及such 置于句首时
e.g.
So happy did he feel. 他感觉非常开心。
Such was me. 我就是如此。
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