2005年
Passage One
Working at nonstandard times-----evenings, nights, or weekends----is taking its toll on American families. One-fifth of all employed Americans work variable or rotating shifts, and one-third work weekends, according to Harriet B. Presser, sociology professor at the University of Maryland. The result is stress on familial relationships, which is likely to continue in coming decades.
The consequences of working irregular hours vary according to gender, economic level, and whether or not children are involved. Single mothers are more likely to work nights and weekends than married mothers. Women in clerical, sales, or other low-paying jobs participate disproportionately in working late and graveyard shifts.
Married-couple households with children are increasingly becoming dual-earner households, generating more split-shift couples. School-aged children, however, may benefit from parents’ nonstandard work schedules because of the greater likelihood that a parent will be home before or after school. On the other hand, a correlation exists between nonstandard work schedules and both marital instability and a decline in the quality of marriages.
Nonstandard working hours mean families spend less time together for diner but more time together for breakfast. One-on-one interaction between parents and children
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varies, however, based on parent, shift, and age of children. There is also a greater reliance on child care by relatives and by professional providers.
Working nonstandard hours is less a choice of employees and more a mandate of employer. Presser believes that the need for swing shifts and weekend work will continue to rise in the coming decades. She reports that in some European countries there are substantial salary premiums for employees working irregular hours-sometimes as much as 50% higher. The convenience of having services available 24 hours a day continues to drive this trend.
Unfortunately, says Presser, the issue is virtually absent from public discourse. She emphasizes the need for focused studies on costs and benefits of working odd hours, the physical and emotional health of people working nights and weekends, and the reasons behind the necessity for working these hours. “Nonstandard work schedules not only are highly prevalent among American families but also generate a level of complexity in family functioning that needs greater attention,” she says.
36．Which of the following demonstrates that working at nonstandard times is taking its toll on American families？
A．Stress on familial relationships．
B．Rotating shifts.
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C．Evenings，nights，or weekends.
D．Its consequences.
37．Which of the following is affected most by working irregular hours？
A．Children.
B．Marriage.
C．Single mothers.
D．Working women.
38．Who would be in favor of the practice of working nonstandard hours？
A．Children.
B．Parents.
C．Employees
D．Professional child providers.
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39．It is implied that the consequences of nonstandard work schedules are .
A．emphasized
B．absent
C．neglected
D．prevalent
40．What is the author’s attitude towards working irregular hours？
A．Positive.
B．Negative.
C．Indifferent.
D．Objective.
Passage Two
Most human beings actual1y decide before they think. When any human being----executive, specialized expert, or person in the street----encounters a complex
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issue and forms an opinion, often within a matter of seconds, how thoroughly has he or she explored the implications of the various courses of action? Answer: not very thoroughly. Very few people, no matter how inte1ligent or experienced, can take inventory of the many branching possibilities, possible outcomes, side effects, and undesired consequences of a policy or a course of action in a matter of seconds. Yet, those who pride themse1ves on being decisive often try to do just that. And once their brains lock onto an opinion, most of their thinking thereafter consists of finding support for it.
A very serious side effect of argumentative decision making can be a lack of support for the chosen course of action on the pat of the “losing” faction. When one faction wins the meeting and the others see themselves as losing, the battle often doesn’t end when the meeting ends. Anger, resentment, and jealousy may lead them to sabotage the 4ecision later, or to reopen the debate at later meetings.
There is a better. As philosopher Aldous Huxley said, “It isn’t who is right, but what is right, that counts.”
The structured-inquiry method offers a better alternative to argumentative decision making by debate. With the help of the Internet and wireless computer technology the gap between experts and executives is now being dramatically closed. By actually putting the brakes on the thinking process, slowing it down, and organizing the flow of logic, it’s possible to create a level of clarity that sheer argumentation can never match.
The structured-inquiry process introduces a level of conceptual clarity by organizing
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the contributions of the experts, then brings the experts and the decision makers closer together. Although it isn’t possible or necessary for a president or prime minister to listen in on every intelligence analysis meeting, it’s possible to organize the experts’ information to give the decision maker much greater insight as to its meaning. This process may somewhat resemble a marketing focus group; it’s a simple, remarkably clever way to bring decision makers closer to the source of the expert information and opinions on which they must base their decisions.
4l．From the first paragraph we can learn that .
A．executive, specialized expert, are no more clever than person in the street
B．very few people dec1de before they think
C．those who pride themselves on being decisive often fail to do so
D．people tend to consider carefully before making decisions
42．Judging from the context, what does the word “them” (line 4, paragraph 2) refer to?
A．Decision makers.
B．The “losing” faction.
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C．Anger, resentment, and jealousy.
D．Other people.
43．Aldous Huxley’s remark (Paragraph 3) implies that .
A．there is a subtle difference between right and wrong
B．we cannot tell who is right and what is wrong
C．what is right is more important than who is right
D．what is right accounts for the question who is right
44．According to the author, the function of the structured-inquiry method is A．to make decision by debate
B．to apply the Internet and wireless computer technology.
C．to brake on the thinking process, slowing it down
D．to create a level of conceptual clarity
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.
45．The structured-inquiry process can be useful for .
A．decision makers
B．intelligence analysis meeting
C．the experts’ information
D．marketing focus groups
Passage Three
Sport is heading for an indissoluble marriage with television and the passive spectator will enjoy a private paradise. All of this will be in the future of sport. The spectator (the television audience) will be the priority and professional clubs will have to readjust their structures to adapt to the new reality: sport as a business.
The new technologies will mean that spectators will no longer have to wait for broadcasts by the conventional channels. They will be the ones who decide what to see. And they will have to pay for it. In the United States the system of the future has already started: pay-as-you-view. Everything will be offered by television and the spectator will only have to choose. The review Sports Illustrated recently published a full profile of the life of the supporter at home in the middle of the next century. It explained that the consumers would be able to select their view of the match on a gigantic, flat screen
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occupying the whole of one wall, with images of a clarity which cannot be foreseen at present; they could watch from the trainer’s stands just behind the batter in a game of baseball or from the helmet of the star player in an American football game. And at their disposal will be the sane option s the producer of the recorded programmer has to select replays, to choose which camera to me and to decide on the sound whether to hear the public, the players, the trainer and so on.
Many sports executives, largely too old and too conservative to feel at home with the new technologies will believe that sport must control the expansion of television coverage in order to survive and ensure that spectators attend matches. They do not even accept the evidence which contradicts their view while there is more basketball than ever on television, for example, it is also certain that basketball is more popular than ever.
It is also the argument of these sports executives that television harming the modest teams. This is true, but the future of those team is also modest. They have reached their ceiling. It is the law of the market. The great events continually attract larger audience.
The world I being constructed on new technologies so that people can make the utmost use of their time and , in their home have access to the greatest possible range of recreational activities. Sport will have to adapt itself to the new world.
The most visionary executives go further. That philosophy is: rather than see television take over sport why not have sports taken over television?
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46．What does the writer mean by use of the phrase “an indissoluble marriage” in the first paragraph?
A．sport is combined with television.
B．sport controls television.
C．television dictates sports.
D．Sport and television will go their own ways
47．What does “they” in line 2 paragraph 2 stand for?
A．Broadcasts.
B．Channels.
C．Spectators.
D．Technologies.
48．How do many sports executives feel with the new technologies?
A．they are too old to do anything.
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B．They feel ill at ease.
C．They feel completely at home.
D．Technologies can go hand in hand with sports.
49．What is going to be discussed in the following paragraphs?
A．the philosophy of visionary executives.
B．The process of television taking over sport.
C．Television coverage expansion.
D．An example to show how sport has taken over television.
50．What might be the appropriate title of this passage?
A．the arguments of sports executives.
B．The philosophy of visionary executives.
C．Sports and television in the 21st century.
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D．Sports: a business.
Passage Four
Convenience food helps companies by creating growth, but what is its effect on people? For people who think cooking was the foundation of civilization, the microwave is the last enemy. The communion of eating together
Is easily broken by a device that liberates households citizens from waiting for mealtimes. The first great revolution in the history of food is in danger of being undone. The companionship of the campfire, cooking pot and common table, which have helped to bond humans in collaborative living for at least 150000 years could be destroyed.
Meals have certainly sated from the rise of convenience food. The only meals regularly taken together in Britain these days are at the weekend, among rich families struggling to retain something of the old symbol of togetherness. Indeed, the day’s first meal has all but disappeared. In the 20th century the leisure British breakfast was undermined by the corn flake; in the 21st breakfast is vanishing altogether a victim of the quick cup of coffee in Starbucks and the cereal bar.
Convenience food has also made people forget how to cook one of the apparent paradoxes of modern food is that while the amount of time spent cooking meals has fallen from 60 minutes a day in 1980 to 13M a day in 2002, the number of cooks and television programmer on cooking has multiplied. But perhaps this isn’t a paradox. Maybe it is
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became people can’t cook anymore, so they need to be told how to do it, or maybe it is because people buy books about hobbies---golf, yachting ---not about chores. Cooking has ceased to be a chore and has become a hobby.
Although everybody lives in the kitchen. Its facilities are increasingly for display rather than for use. Mr. Silverstein’s now book,”trading up” look at mid-range consumer’s milling now to splash out. He says that industrial --style Viking cook pot, with nearly twice the heat output of other ranges, have helped to push the “kitchen as theater” trend in hour goods. They cost from $1000 to $9000.Some 75% of them are never used.
Convenience also has an impact on the healthiness, or otherwise, of food, of course there is nothing bad about ready to eat food itself. You don’t get much healthier than an apple, and supermarkets sell a better for you range of ready-meals. But there is a limit to the number of apples people want to eat; and these days it is easier for people to eat the kind of food that makes them fat The three Harvard economists in their paper “why have Americans become more obese?” point out that in the past, if people wanted to eat fatty hot food, they had to cook it. That took time and energy a good chip needs frying twice, once to cook the potato and once to get it crispy. Which discouraged of consumption of that cost of food. Mass preparation of food took away that constraint. Nobody has to cut and double cook their own fries these days. Who has the time?
51．What might the previous paragraphs deal with?
A．The relationship between meals and convenience food.
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B．The importance of convenience food in people’s life.
C．The rise of convenience food.
D．The history of food industry.
52 ．What is the paradox in the third paragraph?
A．People don’t know how to cook.
B．The facilities in the kitchen are not totally used.
C．People are becoming more obsess, thus unhealthy.
D．Convenience food actually does not save people thrive.
53．What does the passage mainly discuss?
A．The bad effects of convenience food
B．Mr. Silverstein’s new book
C．People’s new hobby
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D．Disappearance of the old symbol of togetherness.
54．Why has American become more obsess?
A．Because of eating chips.
B．Because of being busy.
C．Because of being lazy.
D．B and C.
55 ．Which of the following might the another mostly agree with?
A．There is nothing bad about convenience food.
B．Convenience food makes people lazy.
C．Convenience food helps companies grow.
D．Convenience food is a revolution in cooking.
参
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36--55 CBADB CBCAA ACBDC AAADC
2006 年
Passage one
Office jobs are among the positions hardest hit by compumation ( 计算机自动化).Word processors and typists will lose about 93，000 jobs over the next few years， while 57，000 secretarial jobs will vanish. Blame the PC: Today， many executives type their own memos and carry there\" secretaries\" in the palms of their hands. Time is also hard for stock clerks， whose ranks are expected to decrease by 68，000.And employees in manufacturing firms and wholesalers are being replaced with computerized systems.
But not everyone who loses a job will end up in the unemployment line. Many will shift to growing positions within their own companies. When new technologies shook up the telecomm business， telephone operator Judy Dougherty pursued retraining. She is now a communications technician，earning about $ ，000 per year. Of course， if you've been a tollbooth collector for the past 30 years， and you find yourself replaced by an E ZPass machine， it may be of little consolation( 安慰) to know that the telecom field is booming. And that's just it: The service economy is fading: welcome to the expertise( 专门知识) economy. To succeed in the new job market， you must be able to handle complex problems. Indeed， all but one of the 50 highest-paying occupations---air-traffic controller---demand at least a bachelor's degree. For those with just a high school diploma( 毕业证书)。It's going to get tougher to find a well-paying job. Since fewer factory
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and clerical jobs will be available 。what's left be the jobs that compumations can't kill， computers cant clean offices ，or for Alzheimer's patients( 老年痴呆病人).But ，since most people have the skills to fill those positions， the wages stay painfully low ， meaning compumation could drive an even deeper wedge ( 楔子) between the and poor， The best advice now ，Never stop learning ，and keep up with new technology. For busy adults of course that can be tough ，The good news is that very technology that's reducing so many jobs is a making it easier to go back to school without having to sit in a classroom. So called internet distance learning is hot， with more than three million students currently enrolled ， and it's gaining credibility with employers.
Are you at risk of losing your job to a computer ？ Check the federal Bureau of Labor Statistics' Occupational Outlook Handbook ，which is available online at bless god .
41. Prom the first paragraph we can infer that all of the following persons are easily thrown into unemployment EXCEPT.
A secretaries B stock clerks C managers D wholesalers
42. In the second paragraph the anther mentions the tollbooth collector to
A. mean he will get benefits from the telecomm fled
B .show he is too old to shift to a new position
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C .console him on having been replaced by a machine
D .blame the PC for his unemployment
43. By saying \" ┅ compumation could drive an even deeper wedge between the rich and poor \"(line 5.Para 4 )the author means
A .people are getting richer and richer
B. there will be a small gap between rich and poor
C .the gap between rich and poor is getting larger an larger
D .it's time to close up be gap between the rich and poor
44. What is the author's attitude towards computers？
A .positive B .negative C .neutral D .prejudiced
45. Which of the following might serve as the best title of passage？
A .Blaming the PC B. The booming telecomm field
C .Internet distance leaning D .Keeping up with compumation
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Passage two
Tens of thousands of 18 year olds will graduate this year and be handed meaningless diplomas 。These diplomas won't look any different from awarded their luckier classmates Their validity will be questioned only when their employers discover the these graduates are semiliterate( 半文盲) Eventually a fortunate few will find their way into educational - repair - adult - literacy Programs， such as the one where I teach grammar and writing 。There ，high school graduates and high school dropouts pursuing graduate equivalency certificates will learn the skills they should have learned in school ，They will discover they have been cheated by our educational system. I will never forget a teacher senior when he had her for English .\"He site in the back of the room talking to his friends \" 。she told me ，\" Why don't you move him to the front row？ I urged believing the embarrassment would get him to settle down， Mrs.Stifter said ，\"I don't move seniors.I think (使┅ 不及格) them.\" Our son's academic life flashed before my eyes.No teacher had ever threatened him.By the time I got home I was feeling pretty good this 。It was a radical approach for these times ，but well.Why not ？ She's going to flunk you \" I told my son. I did not discuss it any further 。Suddenly English became a priorty (头等重要) in his life。He finished out the semester with an A. I know one example doesn't make a case，but at night I see a parade of students who are angry for having been passed along until they could no longer even pretend to keep up 。Of average intelligence or better，they eventually quit school，concluding they were too dumb to finish.\" I should have been held back，\" is a comment I hear frequently 。Even sadder are those students who are high-school graduates who say to me after a few weeks of class.\"I don't know how I ever got a high-school diploma.\"
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Passing students who have not mastered the work cheats them and the employers who expect graduates to have basic skills 。We excuse this dishonest behavior by saying kids can't learn if they come from terrible environments 。No one seems to stop to think that most kids don't put school first on their list unless they perceive something is at risk 。They'd rather be sailing. Many students I see at night have decided to make education a priority 。They are motivated by the desire for a better job or the need to hang on to the one they've got 。They have a healthy fear of failure.
People of all ages can rise above their problems，but they need to have a reason to do so 。Yong people generally don't have the maturity to value education in the same way my adult students value it。But fear of failure can motivate both.
46. What is the subject of this essay？
A. view point on learning B. a qualified teacher
C .the importance of examination D. the generation gap
47. How did Mrs 。Sifter get the attention of one of the author's children？
A .flunking him B. moving his seat C. blaming him D .playing card with him
48. The author believes that most effective way for a teacher is to
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A .purify the teaching environments .
B .set up cooperation between teachers and parents.
C .hold back student.
D .motivate student.
49.From the passage we can draw the conclusion that the authors' attitude toward flunking is
A. negative B .positive C .biased D. indifferent
50.Judging from the content ， this passage is probably written for
A. administrators B .students C. teachers D .parents
Passage three
Names have gained increasing importance in the competitive world of higher education.As colleges strive for market share， they are looking for names that project the image they want or reflect the changes they hope to make.Trenton 。State College， for example ，became the College of New Jersey nine years ago when it began raising admissions standards and appealing to students from throughout the state.
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\"All I hear in higher education is， \"Brand ，brand ，brand，\" said Tim Westerbeck， who specializes in branding and is managing director of Lipman Hearne， a marketing firm based in Chicago that works with universities and other nonprofit organizations.\"There has been a sea change over the last 10 years.Marketing used to be almost a dirty word in higher education.\"
Not all efforts at name changes are successful， of course .In 1997 ， the New School for Social Research became New School University to reflect its growth into a collection of eight colleges， offering a list of majors that includes psychology， music ，urban studies and management.But New Yorkers continued to call it the New School .
Now，after spending an undisclosed sum on an online survey and a marketing consultant's creation of \"haming structures.\" \"brand architecture\" and \" identity systems，\" the university has come up with a new name: the New School 。Beginning Monday， it will adopt new logon (标识)， banners， business cards and even new names for the individual colleges， all to include the words \"the New School.\"
Changes in names generally reveal significant shifts in how a college wants to be perceived.In altering its name from Cal State.Hayward，to Cal State， East Bay，the university hoped to project its expanding role in two mostly suburban countries east of San Francisco.
The University of Southern Colorado， a state institution，became Colorado State University at Pucblo two years ago，hoping to bighight many internal changes，including
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offering more graduate programs and setting higher admissions standards.
Beaver College turned itself into Arcadia University in 2001 for several reasons: to break the connection with its past as a women's college， to promote its growth into a full-fledged( 完全成熟的) university and officials acknowledged，to climinate some jokes about the college's old name on late-night television and \"moring zoo\" radio shows.
Many college officials said changing a name and image could produce substantial results.At Arcadia，in addition to the rise in applications， the average student's test score has increased by 60 points， Juli Roebeck， an Arcadia spokeswoman， said.
51.which of the following is NOT the reason for colleges to change their names？
A. They prefer higher education competition
B. They try to gain advantage in market share.
C. They want to project their image.
D .They hope to make some changes.
52.It is implied that one of the most significant changes in highter education in the past decade is
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A .the brand. B. the college names C. the concept of marketing D. list of majors.
53.The thrase \"come up with\"(Line 3 Para 4)probably means
A .catch up with B. deal with C .put forward D. come to the realizatoin
54.The case of name changing from Cal State Hayward to Cal State indicates that the university
A. is perceived by the society B. hopes to expand its influence
C. prefers to reform its reaching programs D .expects to enlange its campus
55.According to the spokeswoman the name change of Beaver College
A. turns out very successful B. fails to attain its goal
C .has eliminated some jokes D. has transformed its status
Passage four
It looked just like another aircraft from the outside The pilot told his young passengers that it was built in 19 。But apperances were deceptive and the 13 students from Europe and the USA who boarded the aiecraft were in for the fligt of their lives.
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Inside the area that normally had seats had become a long white tunnel 。Heavily padded( 填塞) from floor to ceiling it looked abit strange.There were almost no windows ，but ligts along the padded walls illuminated it 。Most of the seats had been taken out apart from afew at the back where the young scientists quickly took their places with a look of fear. For 12 months，science students from across the continents had competed to win a place on the flight at the invitation of the European Space Agency 。the challenge had been to suggest imaginative experments to be conducted in weightless condtions. For the next two hours the flight resembled that of an onormous bird which had lose its reson， shooting upwards towards the heavens before rushing towards Earth 。The invention was to Achieve weightlessness for a few seconds.
The aircraft took off smoothly enough.But any feelings that I and the young scientists had that we were on anything like a scheduled passenger service were quickly dismissed when the pilot put the plane into a 45 degree climb which lasted around 20 seconds.Then the engines cut our and we became weightless. Everything become confused and left or right.Up or down no longer had any meaning.after ten seconds of free fall descent the pilot pulled the aircraft out of its nosedive.The return of gravity was less immediate than its loss.but was still sudden enough to ensure that some students came down with a bump.
Each time the pilot cut the engines and we became weightless.A new team conduct it experience.First it was the Ducth who wanted to discover how it is that cats always land on their feet.then the German team who conducted a successful experiment on a traditional
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building method to see if could be used for building a futher space station 。the Americans had an idea to create solar sails that could be used by satellites.
After two hours of going up and down in the lane doing their experiments， the predominate feeling was one of excitement rather than sickness.Most of the students thought it was an unforgettable experience and one they would be keen to repeat.
56.what did the writer say about the plane？.
A. It had no seats. B. It was painted white.
C. It had no windows. D. The outside was misleading.
57.according to the writer ，how did the young scientists feel before the flight？
A .sick B. keen C. nervous D. impatient
58.what did the pilot do with the plane after it took off？
A. He quickly climbed and then stopped the engines.
B .He climbed and them made the plane fall slowly.
C. He took off normally and then cut the engines for 20 seconds.
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D .He climbed and then made the plane turn over.
59.Acoording to the passage，the purpose of being weightless was to
A .see what conditions bare like in space
B. prepare the young scientists for future work in space
C .show the judges of the competition what they could do
D .make the teams try out their ideas
60.this passage was written to
A .encourage young people to take up science
B .describe the process of a scientific competition
C.show scientists what young people can do
D .report on a new scientific technique
答案
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阅读理解：
41--45 C B C A D 46--50 A A D B C 51--55 A C C A C 56--60 A C A D A
2007 年
Passage one
Prior to the 20th century, many languages with small numbers of speakers survived for centuries. The increasingly interconnected modern world makes it much more difficult for small language communities to live in relative isolation, a key factor in language maintenance and preservation.
It remains to be seen whether the world can maintain its linguistic and cultural diversity in the centuries ahead. Many powerful forces appear to work against it :population growth, which pushes migrant populations into the world's last isolated locations; mass tourism; global telecommunications and mass media; and the spread of gigantic global corporations. All of these forces appear to signify a future in which the language of advertising, popular culture, and consumer products become similar. Already English and a few other major tongues have emerged as global languages of commerce and communication. For many of the world's peoples, learning one of these languages is viewed as the key to education, economic opportunity, and a better way of life.
Only about 3,000 languages now in use are expected to survive the coming century.
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Are most of the rest doomed in the century after that Whether most of these languages survive will probably depend on how strongly cultural groups wish to keep their identity alive through a native language. To do so will require an emphasis on bilingualism（mastery of two languages）. Bilingual speakers could use their own language in smaller spheres---at home, among friends, in community settings---and a global language at work, in dealings with government, and in commercial spheres. In this way, many small languages could sustain their cultural and linguistic integrity alongside global languages, rather than yield to the homogenizing （同化的）forces of globalization.
Ironically, the trend of technological innovation that has threatened minority languages could also help save them. For example, some experts predict that computer software translation tools will one day permit minority language speakers to browse the Internet using their native tongues.
Linguists are currently using computer-aided learning tools to teach a variety of threatened languages.
For many endangered languages, the line between revival and death is extremely thin.
Language is remarkably resilient （有活力的）,however. It is not just a tool for communicating, but also a powerful way of separating different groups, or of demonstrating group identity. Many indigenous（ 原生的，土著的）communities have shown that it is possible to live in the modern world while reclaiming their unique identities through language.
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41.Minority languages can be best preserved in __________.
A．an increasingly interconnected world
B．maintaining small numbers of speakers
C．relatively isolated language communities
D．following the tradition of the 20th century
42.According to Paragraph 2, that the world can maintain its linguistic diversity in the future is _______.
A．uncertain B．unrealistic C．foreseeable D．definite
43.According to the author, bilingualism can help_________.
A．small languages become acceptable in work places
B．homogenize the world's languages and cultures
C．global languages reach home and community settings
D．speakers maintain their linguistic and cultural identity
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44.Computer technology is helpful for preserving minority languages in that it_________.
A．makes learning a global language unnecessary
B．facilitates the learning and using of those languages
C．raises public awareness of saving those languages
D．makes it easier for linguists to study those languages
45.In the author's view, many endangered languages are________.
A．remarkably well-kept in this modern world
B．exceptionally powerful tools of communication
C．quite possible to be revived instead of dying out
D．a unique way of bringing different groups together
Passage two
Everyone，it seems，has a health problem 。After pouring billions into the National
英语试卷 第 31 页 （共 68 页）
Health Service，British people moan about dirty hospitals，long waits and wasted money. In Germany the new chancellor, Angela Merkel, is under fire for suggesting changing the financing of its health system. Canada's new Conservative Prime Minister, Stephen Harper, made a big fuss during the election about reducing the country's lengthy medical queues. Across the rich world, affluence, ageing and advancing technology are driving up health spending faster than income.
But nowhere has a bigger health problem than America. Soaring medical bills are squeezing wages, swelling the ranks of the uninsured and pushing huge firms and perhaps even the government towards bankruptcy. Ford's announcement this week that it would cut up to 30.000 jobs by 2012 was as much a sign of it's\"legacy \" health -care costs as of the ills of the car industry. Pushed by polls that show health care is one of his main domestic problems and by forecasts showing that the retiring baby-boomers ( 生育高峰期出生的人) will crush the government's finances, George Bush is to unveil a reform ;plan in next week's state-of -the -union address.
America's health system is unlike any other. The Unite States spends 16% of its GDP on health, around twice the rich-country average, equivalent to $6,280 for every American each year. Yet it is the only rich country that does not guarantee universal health coverage. Thanks to an accident of history, most Americans receive health insurance through their employer, with the government picking up the bill for the poor and the elderly.
This curious hybrid （混合物）certainly has its strengths. Americans have more choice
英语试卷 第 32 页 （共 68 页）
than anybody else, and their health-care system is much more innovative. Europeans' bills could be much higher if American medicine were not doing much of their Research and Development（R&D）for them. But there are also huge weaknesses. The one most often cited-especially by foreigners-is the army of uninsured. Some 46 million Americans do not have cover. In many cases that is out of choice and ,if they fall seriously ill, hospitals have to treat them. But it is still deeply unequal. And there are also shocking inefficiencies: by some measures,30% of American health spending is wasted.
Then there is the question of state support. Many Americans disapprove of the \"socialized medicine\" of Canada and Europe. In fact, even if much of the administration is done privately, around 60% of America's heath-care bill ends up being met by the government. Proportionately, the American state already spends as much on health as the OECD（Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development）average, and that share is set to grow as the baby-boomers run up their Medicare bills and ever more employers avoid providing health-care coverage. America is , in effect, heading towards a version of socialized medicine by default.
46.Health problems mentioned in the passage include all the following EXCEPT_________.
A. poor hospital conditions in U.K.
B. Angela Merkel under attack
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C. health financing in Germany
D. long waiting lines in Canada
47.Ford's announcement of cutting up to 30,000 jobs by 2012 indicates that Ford_________.
A. has the biggest health problem of the car industry
B. has made profits from its health-care legacy
C. has accumulated too heavy a health-care burden
D. owes a great deal of debt to its employees
48.In the author's opinion, America's health system is _________.
A. inefficient B. feasible C. unpopular D. successful
49.It is implied in the passage that_________.
A. America's health system has its strengths and weaknesses
B. the US government pays medical bills for the poor and the elderly
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C. some 46 million Americans do not have medical insurance
D. Europeans benefit a lot from America's medical research
50.from the last paragraph we may learn that the \"socialized medicine\" is____________.
A. a practice of Canada and Europe
B. a policy adopted by the US government
C. intended for the retiring baby-boomers
D. administered by private enterprises
Passage three
When Thomas Keller, one of America's foremost chefs, announced that on Sept. I he would abolish the practice of tipping at Per Se. his luxury restaurant in New York City, and replace it with European-style service charge, I knew three groups would be opposed: customers, servers and restaurant owners. These three groups are all committed to tipping--as they quickly made clear on Web sites. To oppose tipping , it seems, is to be anticapitalist , and maybe even a little French..
But Mr. Keller is right to move away from tipping-and it's worth exploring why just
英语试卷 第 35 页 （共 68 页）
about everyone else in the restaurant world is wrong to stick with the practice.
Customers believe in tipping because they think it makes economic sense.\"Waiters know that they won't get paid if they don't do a good job\"is how most advocates of the system would put it. To be sure, this is a tempting, apparently rational statement about economic theory, but it appears to have little applicability to the real world of restaurants.
Michael Lynn, an associate professor of consumer behavior and marketing at Cornell's School of Hotel Administration, has conducted dozens of students of tipping and has concluded that consumers assessments of the quality of service correlate weakly to the amount they tip.
Rather, customers are likely to tip more in response to servers touching them lightly and leaning forward next to the table to make conversation than to how often their water glass is refilled--in other words, customers tip more when they like the server, not when the service is good. Mr. Lynn's studies also indicate that male customers increase their tips for female servers while female customers increase their tips for male servers,.
What's more,. consumers seem to forget that the tip increases as the bill increases. Thus, the tipping system is an open invitation to what restaurant professionals call \"upwelling\": every bottle of imported water, every espresso and every cocktail is extra money in the server's pocket. Aggressive upwelling for tips is often rewarded while low-key, quality service often goes unrecognized.
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In addition , the practice of tip pooling , which is the norm in fine-dining restaurants and is becoming more in every kind of restaurant above the level of a greasy spoon , has ruined whatever effect voting with your tip might have had on an individual waiter . In an unreasonable outcome , you are punishing the good waiters in the restaurant by not tipping the bad one . Indeed , there appear to be little connection between tipping and good service .
51.It may be inferred that a European-style service______.
A . is tipping-free B .charges little tip
C .is the author's initiative D .is offered at Per-se
52.Which of the following is NOT true according to the author .
A .Tipping is a common practice in the restaurant world.
B .Waiters don't care about tipping
C .Customers generally believe in tipping.
D .Tipping has little connection with the quality of service.
53.According to Michael Lynn's studies, waiters will likely get more tips if they______
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A. have performed good service
B. frequently refill customers' water glass
C. win customers' favor
D. serve customers of the same sex
54.We may infer from the context that \"upwelling\"(Line 2, Para 6) probably means ________
A. selling something up B. selling something fancy
C. selling something unnecessary D. selling something more expensive
55.This passage is mainly about __________
A. reasons to abolish the practice of tipping B. economic sense of tipping
C. consumers' attitudes towards tipping D. tipping for good service
Passage four
\"I promise.\" \" I swear to you it'll never happen again.\" \"I give you my word.\" \"Honestly.
英语试卷 第 38 页 （共 68 页）
Believe me.\" Sure, I trust. Why not I teach English composition at a private college. With a certain excitement and intensity. I read my students' essays, hoping to find the person behind the pen. As each semester progresses, plagiarism （剽窃）appears. Not only is my intelligence insulted as one assumes I won't detect a polished piece of prose from an otherwise-average writer, but I feel a sadness that a student has resorted to buying a paper from a peer. Writers have styles like fingerprints and after several assignments, I can match a student's work with his or her name even if it's missing from the upper left-hand corner.
Why is learning less important than a higher grade-point average（GPA） When we're threatened or sick, we make conditional promises. \"If you let me pass math I will ….\" \"Lord, if you get me over this before the big homecoming game I'll….\" Once the situation is behind us, so are the promises. Human nature Perhaps, but we do use that cliché（ 陈词滥调）to get us out of uncomfortable bargains. Divine interference during distress is asked; gratitude is unpaid. After all, few fulfill the contract, so why should anyone be the exception. Why not Six years ago, I took a student before the dean. He had turned in an essay with the vocabulary and sentence structure of PhD thesis. Up until that time, both his out-of-class and in-class work were borderline passing.
I questioned the person regarding his essay and he swore it I'd understand this copy would not have the time and attention an out-of-class paper is given, but he had already a finished piece so he understood what was asked. He sat one hour, then turned in part of a page of unskilled writing and faulty logic. I confronted him with both essays. \"I promise….,
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I'm not lying. I swear to you that I wrote the essay. I'm just nervous today.\"
The head of the English department agreed with my finding, and the meeting with the dean had the boy's parents present. After an hour of discussion, touching on eight of the boy's previous essays and his grade-point average, which indicated he was already on academic probation （留校察看）, the dean agreed that the student had plagiarized. His parents protested, \"He's only a child\" and we instructors are wiser and should be compassionate. College people are not really children and most times would resent being labeled as such…. Except in this uncomfortable circumstance.
56.According to the author, students commit plagiarism mainly for_____.
A．money B．degree C．higher GPA D．reputation
57.the sentence \" Once the situation is behind us , so are the promises' implies that_________.
A．students usually keep their promises
B．some students tend to break their promises
C．the promises are always behind the situation
D．we cannot judge the situation in advance, as we do to the promises
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58.The \"borderline passing\"（Line 3,Para.3）probably means____________.
A．fairly good B．extremely poor C．above average D．below average
59.The boy's parents thought their son should be excused mainly
because_______________.
A．teachers should be compassionate B．he was only a child
C．instructors were wiser D．he was threatened
60.Which of the following might serve as the title of this passage
A．Human Nature B．Conditional Promises
C．How to Detect Cheating D．The Sadness of Plagiarism
答案
阅读理解部分
41－45 CBDBC 46－50 BCBDC
51－55 ABCDA 56－60 CDBBB
英语试卷 第 41 页 （共 68 页）
2008 年
Passage one
Last weekend Kyle MacDonald in Montreal threw a party to celebrate the fact that he got his new home in exchange for a red paper clip. Starting a year ago, MacDonald bartered the clip for increasingly valuable stuff, including a camp stove and free rent in a Phoenix flat. Having announced his aim (the house) in advance, MacDonald likely got a boost from techies eager to see the Internet pass this daring test of its networking power. \"My whole motto ( 座右铭) was 'Start small, think big, and have fun', \" says MacDonald, 26, \"I really kept my effort on the creative side rather than the business side. \"
Yet as odd as the MacDonald exchange was, barter is now big business on the Net. This year more than 400,000 companies worldwide will exchange some $10 billion worth of goods and services on a growing number of barter sites. These Web sites allow companies to trade products for a virtual currency, which they can use to buy goods from other members. In Iceland, garment-maker Kapusalan sells a third of its output on the booming Vidskiptanetid exchange, earning virtual money that it uses to buy machinery and pay part of employee salaries. The Troc-services exchange in France offers more than 4,600 services, from math lessons to ironing.
This is not a primitive barter system. By creating currencies, the Internet removes a major barrier-what Bob Meyer, publisher of BarterNews, calls \"the double coincidence of wants.\" That is, two parties once not only had to find each other, but also an exchange of
英语试卷 第 42 页 （共 68 页）
goods that both desired.
Now, they can price the deal in virtual currency.
Barter also helps firms make use of idle capacity. For example, advertising is \"hugely bartered\" because many media, particularly on the Web can supply new ad space at little cost. Moreover, Internet ads don't register in industry-growth statistics, because many exchanges are arranged outside the formal exchanges.
Like eBay, most barter sites allow members to \"grade\" trading partners for honesty quality and so on.. Barter exchanges can allow firms in countries with hyperinflation or nontradable currencies to enter global trades. Next year, a nonprofit exchange called Quick Lift Two (QL2) plans to open in Nairobi, offering barter deals to 38,000 Kenyan farmers in remote areas. Two small planes will deliver the goods. QL2 director Gacii Waciuma says the farmers are excited to be \"liberated from corrupt middlemen.\" For them, barter evokes a bright future, not a precapitalist past.
41. The word \"techies\" (Line 4, Para 1) probably refers to those who are ＿＿＿.
A. afraid of technology B. skilled in technology
C. ignorant of technology D. incompetent in technology
42. Many people may have deliberately helped Kyle because they ＿＿＿.
英语试卷 第 43 页 （共 68 页）
A. were impressed by his creativity B. were eager to identify with his motto
C. liked his goal announced in advance D. hoped to prove the power of the Internet
43. The Internet barter system relies heavily on ＿＿＿.
A. the size of barter sties B. the use of virtual currency
C. the quality of goods or services D. the location of trading companies]
44. It is implies that Internet advertisements can help ＿＿＿.
A. companies make more profit B. companies do formal exchanges
C. media register in statistics D. media grade barter sites
45. Which of the follow is true of QL2 according to the author?
A. It is criticized for doing business in a primitive way.
B. It aims to deal with hyperinflation in some countries.
C. It helps get rid of middlemen in trade and exchange.
英语试卷 第 44 页 （共 68 页）
D. It is intended to evaluate the performance of trading partners.
Passage two
The lives of very few Newark residents are untouched by violence: New Jersey's biggest city has seen it all. Yet the murder of three young people, who were forced to kneel before being shot in the back of the head in a school playground on August 4th, has shaken the city. A fourth, who survived, was stabbed and shot in the face. The four victims were by all accounts good kids, all enrolled in college, all with a future. But the cruel murder, it seems, has at last forced Newarkers to say they have had enough.
Grassroots organizations, like Stop Shooting, have been flooded with offers of help and support since the killings. Yusef Ismail, its co-founder, says the group has been going door-to-door asking people to sign a pledge of non-violence. They hope to get 50,000 to promise to \"stop shooting, start thinking, and keep living.\" The Newark Community Foundation, which was launched last month, announced on August 14th that it will help pay for Community Eye, a surveillance( 监视) system tailored towards gun crime.
Cory Booker who became mayor 13 months ago with a mission to revitalize the city , believes the surveillance program will be the largest camera and audio network in any American city. More than 30 cameras were installed earlier this summer and a further 50 will be installed soon in a seven-square mile area where 80% of the city's recent shootings have occurred. And more cameras are planned.
英语试卷 第 45 页 （共 68 页）
When a gunshot is detected, the surveillance camera zooms in on that spot. Similar technology in Chicago has increased arrests and decreased shootings. Mr. Booker plans to announce a comprehensive gun strategy later this week.
Mr. Booker, as well as church leaders and others, believes(or hopes)that after the murder the city will no longer stand by in coldness. For generations, Newark has been paralyzed by poverty ----almost one in three people lives below the poverty line----and growing indifference to crime.
Some are skeptical .Steve Malanga of the conservative Manhattan Institute notes that Newark has deep social problems: over 60% of children are in homes without fathers. The school system, taken over by the state in 1995, is a mess. But there is also some cause for hope. Since Mr. Booker was elected, there has been a rise in investment and re-zoning for development. Only around 7% of nearby Newark airport workers used to come from Newark; now, a year, the figure is 30%.Mr Booker has launched a New York-style war on crime. So far this year, crime has fallen 11% and shootings are down 30 %( through the murder rate looks likely to match last year's high).
46. What happened in Newark, New Jersey on August 4th?
A. The Newark residents witnessed a murder.
B. Four young people were killed in a school playground.
英语试卷 第 46 页 （共 68 页）
C. The new mayor of Newark took office.
D. Four college students fell victim to violence.
47. Judging from the context, the \"Community Eye\"(Line5,Para 2)is_____
A. a watching system for gun crime B. a neighborhood protection organization
C. an unprofitable community business D. a grassroots organization
48.We learn from the passage that Newark has all the following problems EXCEPT_____
A. violence B. flood C. poverty D. indifference
49. Mayor Booker's effort against crime seem to be ______
A. idealistic B. impractical C. effective D. fruitless
50. The best title for the passage may be _____
A. Stop Shooting, Start Thinking, and Keep Living
B. Efforts to Fight against Gun Crimes
英语试卷 第 47 页 （共 68 页）
C. A Mission to Revitalize the City
D. Violent Murders in Newark
Passage three
According to a recent survey on money and relationships, 36 percent of people are keeping a bank account from their partner. While this financial unfaithfulness may appear as distrust in a relationship , in truth it may just be a form of financial protection.
With almost half of all marriages ending in divorce, men and women are realizing they need to be financially savvy, regardless of whether they are in a relationship.
The financial hardship on individuals after a divorce can be extremely difficult, even more so when children are involved. The lack of permanency in relationships, jobs and family life may be the cause of a growing trend to keep a secret bank account hidden from a partner; in other words, an \"escape fund\".
Margaret's story is far from unique. She is a representative of a growing number of women in long-term relationships who are becoming protective of their own earnings.
Every month on pay day, she banks hundreds of dollars into a savings account she keeps from her husband. She has been doing this throughout their six-year marriage and has built a nest egg worth an incredible $100,000 on top of her pension.
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Margaret says if her husband found out about her secret savings he'd hurt and would interpret this as a sign she wasn't sure of the marriage.\" He'd think it was my escape fun so that financially I could afford to get out of the relationship if it went wrong. I know you should approach marriage as being forever and I hope ours is, but you can never be sure.\"
Like many of her fellow secret savers, Margaret was stung in a former relationship and has since been very guarded about her own money.
Coming clean to your partner about being a secret saver may not be all that bad. Take Colleen for example, who had been saving secretly for a few years before she confessed to her partner. \"I decided to open a savings account and start building a nest egg of my own. I wanted to prove to myself that I could put money in the bank and leave it there for a rainy day.\"
\"When John found out about my secret savings, he was a little suspicious of my motives. I reassured him that this was certainly not an escape fund that I feel very secure in out relationship. I have to admit that it does feel good to have my own money on reserve if ever there are rainy days in the future. It's sensible to build and protect your personal financial security.\"
51. The trend to keep a secret bank account is growing because______
A. escape fund helps one through rainy days B. days are getting harder and harder
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C. women are money sensitive D. financial conflicts often occur
52. The word \"savvy\"(Line2,Para 2)probably means_______
A. suspicious B. secure C. shrewd D. simple
53. Which inference can we make about Margaret?
A. She is a unique woman. B. She was once divorced.
C. She is going to retire. D. She has many children.
54. The author mentions Colleen's example to show_____
A. any couple can avoid marriage conflicts
B. privacy within marriage should be respected
C. everyone can save a fortune with a happy marriage
D. financial disclosure is not necessarily bad
55. Which of the following best summary this passage?
英语试卷 第 50 页 （共 68 页）
A. Secret Savers B. Love Is What It's Worth
C. Banking Honesty D. Once Bitten, Twice Shy
Passage four
\"The word 'protection' is no longer taboo ( 禁忌语)\". This short sentence, uttered by French President Nicolas Sarkozy last month, may have launched a new era in economic history. Why? For decades, Western leaders have believed that lowering trade barriers and tariffs was a natural good. Doing so, they reasoned, would lead to greater economic efficiency and productivity, which in turn would improve human welfare. Championing free trade thus became a moral, not just an economic, cause.
These leaders, of course, weren't acting out of unselfishness. They knew their economies were the most competitive, so they'd profit most from liberalization. And developing countries feared that their economies would be swamped by superior Western productivity. Today, however, the tables have turned---though few acknowledge it. The West continues to preach free trade, but practices it less and less. Asian, meanwhile, continues to plead for special protection but practices more and more free trade.
That's why Sarkozy's words were so important: he finally injected some honesty into the trade debates. The truth is that large parts of the West are losing faith in tree trade, though few leaders admit it. Some economists are more honest. Paul Krugman is one of the few willing to acknowledge that protectionist arguments are returning. In the short run,
英语试卷 第 51 页 （共 68 页）
there will be winners and losers under free trade. This, of course, is what capitalism is all about. But more and more of these losers will be in the West, Economists in the developed world used to love quoting Jonoph Schumpeter, who said that 'creative destruction\" was an essential part of capitalist growth. But they always assumed that destruction would happen over there. When Western workers began losing jobs, suddenly their leaders began to lose faith in their principles, Things have yet to reverse completely. But there's clearly a negative trend in a Western theory and practice.
A little hypocrisy ( 虚伪) is not in itself a serious problem. The real problem is that Western governments continue to insist that they retain control of the key global economic and financial institutions while drifting away from global liberalization. Lock at what's happening at the IMF (International Monetary Fund) The Europeans have demanded that they keep the post of managing director. But all too often, Western officials put their own interests above everyone else's when they dominate these global institutions.
The time has therefore come for the Asians-who are clearly the new winners in today's global economy-to provide more intellectual leadership in supporting free trade: Sadly, they have yet to do so. Unless Asians speak out, however, there's a real danger that Adam Smith's principles, which have brought so much good to the world, could gradually die. And that would leave all of us, worse off, in one way or another.
56. It can be inferred that \"protection\" (Line 1, Para.1) means________
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A. improving economic efficiency. B. ending the free-trade practice
C. lowering moral standard D. raising trade tariffs
57. The Western leaders preach free trade because________
A. it is beneficial to their economies
B. it is supported by developing countries
C. it makes them keep faith in their principles
D. it is advocated by Joseph Schumpeter and Adam Smith
58. By \"the tables have turned\" (Line 3-4,Para.2) the author implies that________
A. the Western leaders have turned self-centered
B. the Asian leaders have become advocates of free trade
C. the developed economies have turned less competitive
D. the developing economies have become more independent
英语试卷 第 53 页 （共 68 页）
59. The Western economies used to like the idea of \"creative destruction\" because it________
A. set a long-term rather than short-turn goal
B. was an essential part of capitalist development
C. contained a positive rather than negative mentality
D. was meant to be the destruction of developing economies
60. The author uses \"IMF\" was an example to illustrate the point that_______
A. European leaders are reluctant to admit they are hypocritical
B. there is an inconsistency between Western theory and practice
C. global institutions are not being led by true globalization advocates
D. European countries' interests are being ignored by economic leaders
答案
41-45 BDBAC 46-50 DABCA 51-55 ACBDA 56-60 DABDB
英语试卷 第 54 页 （共 68 页）
2009 年
PASSAGE1.
Henric Ibsen ,author of the play\"A Doll's House\abandons Her husband and children to seek a more serious life, would surely have approved.. From January Ist , 2008, all public companies in Norway are obliged to ensure that at least 40% of their board directors are women. Most firms have obeyed the law, which was passed in 2003.But about 75 out of the 480 or so companies it affects are still too male for the government's liking. They will shortly receive a letterinforming them that they have until the end of February to act , or face the legal consequences---which could include being dissolved.
Before the law was proposed, about 7% of board members in Norway were female , according to the Centre for Corporate Diversity .The number has since jumped to 36%. That is far higher than the average of 9% for big companies across Europe or America's 15% for the Fortune 500.Norway's stock exchange and its main business lobby oppose the law, as do many businessmen.\" I am against quotas for women or men as a matter of principle,\" says Sverre Munck , head of international operations at a media firm. \"Board members of public companies should be chosen solely on the basis of merit and experience,\"be says. Several firms have even given up their public status in order to escape the new law.
Companies have had to recruit about 1,000 women in four years. Many complain that
英语试卷 第 55 页 （共 68 页）
it has been difficult to find experienced candidates. Because of this, some of the best women have collected as many as 25-35 directorships each, and are known in Norwegian business circles as the \"golden skirts\". One reason for the scarcity is that there are fairly few women in management in Norwegian companies---they occupy around 15% of senior positions. It has been particularly hard for firms in the oil, technology and financial industries to find women with a enough experience.
Some people worry that their relative lack of experience may keep women quiet on boards, and that In turn could mean that boards might become less able to hold managers to account. Recent history in Norway, however, suggests that the right women can make strong directors. \"Women feel more compelled than men to do their homework,\" says Ms Reksten Skaugen , who was voted Norway's chairman of the year for 2007, \"and we can afford to ask the hard questions, because women are not always expected to know the answers.\"
41. The author mentions Ibsen's play in the first paragraph in order to .
A. depict women's dilemma at work
B. explain the newly passed law
C. support Norwegian government
D. introduce the topic under discussion
英语试卷 第 56 页 （共 68 页）
42. A public company that fails to obey the new law could be forced to .
A. pay a heavy fine
B. close down its business
C. change to a private business
D. sign a document promising to act
43. To which of the following is Sverre Munck most likely to agree
A. A set ratio of women in a board is unreasonable.
B. A reasonable quota for women at work needs to be set.
C. A common principle should be followed by all companies.
D. An inexperienced businessman is not subject to the new law.
44.The author attributes the phenomenon of \"golden skirts\" to .
A. the small number of qualified females in management
英语试卷 第 57 页 （共 68 页）
B. the over-recruitment of female managers in public companies
C. the advantage women enjoy when competing for senior positions
D. the discrimination toward women in Norwegian business circles
45. The main idea of the passage might be .
A. female power and liberation in Norway
B. the significance of Henric Ibsen's play
C. women's status in Norwegian firms
D. the constitution of board members in Norway
PASSAGE2.
While there's never a good age to get cancer, people in their 20s and 30s can feel particularly isolated. The average age of a cancer patient at diagnosis is 67. Children with cancer often are treated at pediatric ( 小儿科的) cancer centers, but young adults have a tough time finding peers, often sitting side-by-side during treatments with people who could be their grandparents.
英语试卷 第 58 页 （共 68 页）
In her new book Crazy Sexy Cancer Tips, writer Kris Carr looks at cancer from the perspective of a young adult who confronts death just as she's discovering life. Ms. Carr was 31 when she was diagnosed with a rare from of cancer that had generated tumors on her liver and lungs. Ms. Carr reacted with the normal feelings of shock and sadness. She called her parents and stocked up on organic food, determined to become a \"full-time healing addict.\" Then she picked up the phone and called everyone in her address book, asking if they knew other young women with cancer. The result was her own personal \"cancer posse\": a rock concert tour manager, a model, a fashion magazine editor, a cartoonist and a MTV celebrity, to name a few. This club of \"cancer babes\" offered support, advice and fashion tips, among other things.
Ms. Carr put her cancer experience in a recent Learning Channel documentary, and she has written a practical guide about how she coped. Cancer isn't funny, but Ms. Carr often is. She swears, she makes up names for the people who treat her ( Dr. Fabulous and Dr. Guru ), and she even makes second sound fun (\"cancer road trips,\" she calls them).
She leaves the medical advice to doctors, instead offering insightful and practical tips that reflect the world view of a young adult. \"I refused to let cancer ruin my party,\" she writes. \" There are just too many cool things to do and plan and live for.\"
Ms. Carr still has cancer, but it has stopped progressing. Her cancer tips include using time-saving mass e-mails to keep friends informed, sewing or buying fashionable hospital gowns so you're not stuck with regulation blue or gray and playing Gloria Gaynor's \"I Will
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Survive\" so loud you neighbors call the police. Ms. Carr also advises an eyebrow wax and a new outfit before you tell the important people in your illness. \" people you tell are going to cautious and not so cautiously try to see the cancer, so dazzle them instead with your miracle,\" she writes.
While her advice may sound superficial, it gets to the heart of what every cancer patient wants: the chance to live life just as she always did, and maybe better.
46. Which of the following groups is more vulnerable to cancer
A. Children. B. People in their 20s and 30s. C. Young adults. D. Elderly people.
47. All of the following statements are true EXCEPT _______.
A. Kris Carr is a female writer B. Kris Carr is more than 31-year-old.
C. Kris Carr works in a cancer center. D. Kris Carr is very optimistic.
48. The phrase \"cancer posse\" (Line 4, para.3 ) probably refers to ________
A. a cancer research organization
B. a group of people who suffer from cancer
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C. people who have recovered from cancer
D. people who cope with cancer
49. Kris Carr make up names for the people who treat her because ________
A. she is depressed and likes swearing
B. she is funny and likes playing jokes on doctor
C. she wants to leave the medical advice to doctor
D. she tries to leave a good impression on doctor
50. From Kris Carr's cancer tips we may infer that ________
A. she learned to use e-mails after she got cancer
B. she wears fashionable dress even after suffering from cancer
C. hospital gowns for cancer patients are usually not in bright colors
D. the neighbors are very friendly with cancer patients
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PASSAGE3 。
Should a leader strive to be loved or fearedThis question,famously posed by Machiavelli,lies at the heart of Joseph Nye's new book.Mr.Nye,a former dean of the Kennedy School of Govemment at Harvard and one-time chairman of America's National Intelligence Council,is best known for promoting the idea of \"soft power\on persuasion and influence,as a counterpoint to \"hard power\强迫) and force.
Having analyzed the use of soft and hard power in politics and diplomacy in his previous books,Mr.Nye has now turned his attention to the relationship between power and leadership,in both the political and business spheres.Machiavelli,he notes,concluded that \"one ought to be both feared and loved,but as it is difficult for the two to go together,it is much safer to be feared than loved.\"In short,hard power is preferable to soft power.But modem leadership theorists have come to the opposite conclusion.
The context of leadership is changing,the observe,and the historical emphasis on hard power is becoming outdated.In modem companies and democracies,power is increasingly diffused and traditional hierarchies( 等级制) are being undermined,making soft power ever more important.But that does not mean coercion should now take a back seat to persuasion.Mr.Nye argues.Instead,he advocates a synthesis of these two views.The conclusion of The Powers to Lead ,his survey of the theory of leadership,is that a combination of hard and soft power,which he calls”smart power”,is the best approach.
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The dominant theoretical model of leadership at the moment is ,apparently,the “transformational leadership pattern”.Anone allergic( 反感) to management term will already be running for the exit,but Mr,Nye has performed a valuable service in rounding up and summarizing the various academic studies and theories of leadcriship into a single,slim volume.He examines different approaches to leadership,the morality of leadership and how the wider context can determine the effcctiveness of a particular leader.There
are
plcnty
of
anccdotes
and
examples,both
historical
and
contemporary,political and corporate.
Alsa,leadership is a slippery subject,and as he depicts various theories,even Mr.Nye never quite nails the jelly to the wall.He is at his most interesting when discussing the moral aspects of leadershipin particular,the question of whether it is sometimes necessary for good leaders to lie -and he provides a helpful 12-point summary of his conclusions.A recuming theme is that as circumstances change,different sorts of leadcrs are required;a leader who thrives in one environment may struggle in another,and vice versa.Ultimately that is just a fancy way of saying that leadcrship offers no casy answers.
51.From the first two paragraphs we may learn than Mr.Machiavelli's idea of hard power is ______.
A.well accepted by Joseph Nye
B.very influential till nowadays
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C.based on sound theories
D.contrary to that of modem leadership theorists
52.Which of the following makes soft power more important today according to Mr.Nye
A.Coercion is widespread.
B.Morality is devalued.
C.Power is no longer concentrated.
D.Traditional hierarchies are strengthened
53.In his book the Powers to lead,Mr.Nye has exmined all the following aspects of leadership EXCEPT_____.
A.authority B.context C.approaches D.morality
54.Mr.Nye's book is particularly valuable in that it _____.
A.makes little use of management terms
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B.summarizes various studies concisely
C.serves as an exit for leadership researchers
D.sets a model for contemporary corporate leaders
55.According to the author,the most interesting part of Mr.Nye's book lies in his _____.
A.view of changeable leadership B.definition of good leadership
C.summary of leadership history D.discussion of moral leadership
PASSAGE4
Americans don't like to lose wars. Of course, a lot depends on how you define just what a war is. There are shooting wars-the kind that test patriotism and courage-and those are the kind at which the U.S excels. But other struggles test those qualities too. What else was the Great Depression or the space race or the construction of the railroads If American indulge in a bit of flag—when the job is done, they earned it.
Now there is a similar challenge. Global warming. The steady deterioration( 恶化)of the very climate of this very planet is becoming a war of the first order, and by any measure, the U.S. produces nearly a quarter of the world's greenhouse gases each year and has stubbornly made it clear that it doesn't intend to do a whole lot about it. Although
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174 nations approved the admittedly flawed Kyoto accords to reduce carbon levels, the U.S. walked away from them. There are vague promises of manufacturing fuel from herbs or powering cars with hydrogen. But for a country that tightly cites patriotism as one of its core values, the U.S. is taking a pass on what might be the most patriotic struggle of all. It's hard to imagine a bigger fight than one for the survival of a country's coasts and farms, the health of its people and stability of its economy.
The rub is, if the vast majority of people increasingly agree that climate change is a global emergency, there's far less agreement on how to fix it. Industry offers its pans, which too often would fix little. Environmentalists offer theirs, which too often amount to native wish lists that could weaken American's growth. But let's assume that those interested parties and others will always bent the table and will always demand that their voices be heard and that their needs be addressed. What would an aggressive, ambitious, effective plan look like-one that would leave the U.S. both environmentally safe and economically sound Halting climate change will be far harder. One of the more conservative plans for addressing the problem calls for a reduction of 25 billion tons of carbon emissions over the next 52 year. And yet by devising a consistent strategy that mixes and blends pragmatism(实用主义)with ambition, the
U.S. can, without major damage to the economy, help halt the worst effects of climate change and ensure the survival of its way of life for future generations. Money will do some of the work, but what's needed most is will. \"I'm not saying the challenge isn't almost overwhelming,\" says Fred Krupp. \"But this is America, and America has risen to
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these challenges before.\"
56. What does the passage mainly discuss?
A. Human wars. B. Economic crisis.
C. America's environmental policies. D. Global environment in general.
57. From the last sentence of paragraph 2 we may learn that the survival of a country's coasts and farms, the health of its people and the stability of its economy is__________.
A. of utmost importance B. a fight no one can win
C. beyond people's imagination D. a less significant issue
58. Judging from the context, the word \"rub\"(Line 1, Para.3) probably means_______.
A. friction B. contradiction C. conflict D. problem
59. What is the author's attitude toward America's policies on global warming?
A. Critical B. Indifferent C. Supportive D. Compromising
60. The paragraphs immediately following this passage would most probably deal
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with___________.
A. the new book written by Fred Krupp
B. how America can fight against global warming
C. the harmful effects of global warming
D. how America can tide over economic crisis 答案
41-50 BBAAC CCBCC 51-60 DCABD CAAAC
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（共
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