1101 DESCRIPTION
In this Specifications the following terms, words or expressions shall have the meanings hereby assigned to them. For clarify and ease of understanding, certain cross-sectional and pavement structure elements are illustrated in figures 1, 2 and 3.
1102 TERMS AND DEFINITIONS Aggregate
Hard mineral elements of construction material mixtures, for example: sand, gravel (crushed or uncrushed) or crushed rock.
Anchorage
Anchorage is the device comprising all the components and materials required for retaining
the force in a tensioned tendon and to transmit this force to the concrete of the structure.
Anchorage reinforcement
Anchorage reinforcement is the spiral and other reinforcement which forms part of the anchorage and is required for strengthening the anchorage and/or
assisting in transmitting the tendon force to the concrete. Angle of Slope
Unless otherwise stated, is given in terms of the ratio of the vertical
difference in elevation between any two points and the horizontal distance between them. This ratio may also be expressed as a percentage. Arising Tool
A tool used to round off the edge of a concrete slab. Asphalt
A mixture to predetermined proportions
of aggregate, filler and bituminous binder material
prepared off the road and usually placed by means of a paving machine. Asphalt Concrete
A mixture to predetermined proportions of aggregate, filler and bituminous binder material plant mix and usually placed by means of a paving machine. Asphalt Surfacing
The layer or layers of asphalt concrete constructed on top of the road base. Back Fill
Excavated material, which is placed and compacted in trenches and around foundations. Base
A layer of material constructed on top of the sub base, or in the absence thereof, the selected layer. A base may extend to outside the travelled way.
1100章：术语和定义
1101 描述
在本规范中，下列术语、词语和表达的含义以以下规定为准。为表达清楚和易于理解，某些路面衔接部分要素和路面结构要素在图表1、2、3中有插图。 1102术语和定义 骨料
由建筑材料混合而成的硬质矿物物质，如沙子、石子（粉碎或未粉碎）或碎石。 锚具
一种装置，有保持绷紧钢筋束的力量并将其传送到构造混凝土所需的所有部件和材料组成。 锚固钢筋
锚固钢筋是螺旋状的或其它类型的钢筋，是锚具的一部分，用来加强锚具并/或辅助传送钢筋束力量到混凝土。 坡度
任意两点之间的垂直高度差与水平距离之比例，另有规定的除外。 此比例也可以用百分比表示。
磨圆机
用于磨圆混凝土块棱角的工具。 沥青
由预定比例的骨料、填充物和含沥青的黏合剂构成的混合物，在道路以外备好，通常用铺路机进行铺筑。 沥青混凝土
由预定比例的骨料、填充物和含沥青的黏合剂、厂拌混合料构成的混合物，通常用铺路机进行铺筑。 沥青路面
建在路基上面的一层或多层沥青混凝土。 堆积料
挖出的土料，装填并压实进沟渠和地基周围。 基层
建筑在底基层之上或（底基层缺失时）建在选定层之上的一层材料。基层可以延伸至通行道之外。
Batter Board
A board of wood fixed to posts at the top of cuttings or the bottom of embankments which
indicates the slope at which the cutting or embankment is to be constructed. Binder
A material such as bitumen, cement or lime, which is added to and mixed into aggregate,
granular materials or soils to bind the mixture together. Bitumen
A class of black or dark-coloured (solid, semisolid, or viscous) cementitious
substances,
natural or manufactured, composed principally of high molecular weight hydrocarbons, of
which asphalts, tars, pitches, and asphaltites are typical. Bond breaker
Bond breaker is the coating or sheath placed on a tendon to prevent it from bonding to the
surrounding concrete. Bond Stone
A bond stone is an elongated prismoidal stone incorporated with the longest dimension at
right angles to the face of a masonry structure to provide structural integrity. Borrow Area/Borrow Pit
An area, within designated boundaries, outside the Permanent Works, approved for the
purpose of obtaining fill or pavement materials. A borrow pit is the excavated pit in a borrow area.
Borrow Material
Borrow material is a general term used to describe material obtained from a borrow pit. Boulder
A fragment of rock, usually rounded by weathering or abrasion, with a minimum dimension
of 200mm or more. Bridge
A structure erected over a depression, river, watercourse, railway line, road or other obstacle
for carrying motor, railway, pedestrian or other traffic or services and having a length,
measured between abutment faces along the centreline of the superstructure, of 6 metre or
more.
Bursting reinforcement
Bursting reinforcement is the reinforcing steel required in and adjacent to the anchorage
zones to resist the tensile stresses induced in the concrete by the anchorage(s). Cable
Cable is the tendon. together with the anchorage, sheathing and all fittings. California Bearing Ratio (CBR)
The California Bearing Ratio (CBR) of an untreated soil or gravel as determined by means
of Method A8 of TMH1 is the load in Newtons, expressed as a percentage of California
standard values, required to allow a
circular piston of 1,935 mm2 to penetrate the surface of a
compacted material at a rate of 1.27 mm per minute to depths of 2.54 , 5.08 and 7.62 mm.
定斜板 一块木版，固定在路堑顶部或路堤底部的杆子上，用于指示即将建设的路堑或路堤的坡度。 黏合剂
添加并混合在骨料、颗粒材料或土壤中，以便将混合物黏合在一起的材料，如沥青、水泥或石灰。 沥青
一种黑色或暗色的（固态，半固态或粘性的）黏性的物质，天然的或制造的，主要由高分子重氢碳组成，其中以沥青、柏油、树脂和天然沥青岩最为典型。 防粘接材料
防粘接材料是放置于钢筋束上的涂料或护套，以防止钢筋束与周围的混凝土粘合在一起。 束石
束石是一种长棱体状的石头，垂直于石工构造表面与其最长处结合，用来确保构造完整性。
取土区/坑
在指定界限以内，永久性工程以外，批准用于获取填料或路面材料的区域。取土坑是在取土区内挖掘出来的坑。 取土材料
取土材料是用来描述从取土坑获取的材料的统称。 圆石
石头的一种，通常由于自然风化或磨损而变圆，尺寸在200毫米及以上。 桥梁
建在低洼处、河流、水道，火车线路、公路之上的构造或其它用于承载汽车、火车道、人行道或其它交通设施的障碍物，沿上层建筑中心线测量，桥礅面之间的长度在6米或6米以上。 防爆钢筋
防爆钢筋是指在锚具区内或其附近需要的，用于抵抗由锚具在混凝土中引起的张力的钢筋。 缆绳
缆绳即前述用于锚具、护套和绑定的钢绳。加州承载比（CBR）
由TMH1办法A8决定的未经破坏的土壤层或砂砾层的加利福尼亚轴承载比是以牛顿计量的负载，以加利福尼亚标准值的百分数表示，要求能使面积1，935平方毫米的圆形活塞以每分钟1.27毫米的速度穿过压实土的表层，至2.54毫米，5.08毫米和7.62毫米的深度. 这三个深度的对应的加利福尼亚标准值分别是13.344，20.016和25.354kN．
The California standard values for these depths are 13.344, 20.016 and 25.354 kN
respectively. Capping Layer
A layer of selected fill material placed on the top of the topmost embankment layer or the
bottom of excavation. Carriageway
That portion of the roadway including
the various traffic lanes and auxiliary lanes but
excluding shoulders.
Catchwater Drain or Bank
A longitudinal drain or bank outside the road prism for diverting water that would otherwise
flow into the road prism. Cemented Material
Material in an existing pavement which cannot be broken up with the tines of a type 1400
caterpillar or similar road grader. Cemented crushed stone is cemented material constructed with crushed stone. An existing stabilized pavement layer will not necessarily be classified as cemented material. Channel
A natural or artificial water course. Characteristic strength
Characteristic strength of prestressing steel is the manufacturer's guaranteed tensile strength
below which no more than 5 per cent of the test results in a statistical population shall fall.
Characteristic Strength of Concrete The characteristic strength of concrete is that strength below which only a pre-selected
proportion of test results (i.e 1%, 2% or 5%) are expected to fall. Chippings
Chippings are single sized particles of crushed rock, crushed boulders, crushed cobbles or
crushed gravel used for surface dressing. Coarse Aggregate
Coarse aggregate is material retained on the 4.75mm sieve. Cobble
A fragment of rock, usually rounded by
weathering or abrasion, with a minimum dimension
of 60mm and a maximum dimension of 200mm.
Coefficient of Uniformity
The coefficient of uniformity is the ratio of the sieve size through which 60% by mass of the
material passes to the sieve size through which 10% by mass passes. Compliance Testing
Testing of the completed works to ascertain compliance of the requirements of the Specification.
面层
铺置于路堤层最上方或者挖掘层底部的一层挑选的填料． 车道
公路的一部分，包括各种交通车道和辅助车道，但是不包括公路路肩． 排水沟或便道
路体外面的将水从路体导出的纵向的排水道．
水泥硬化材料
1400型履带平地机或类似的平地机不能破碎的已有路面中的材料. 素砼是用碎石、水泥硬化而成的水泥硬化材料.
已有硬化路面层没必要归类为水泥硬化材料. 水渠
自然的或人工的水道. 特征强度
预加强钢筋的性能强度是指制造商保证的拉伸强度, 在此拉伸强度之下不得有大于5%的统计测试结果出现. 混凝土性能强度
混凝土性能强度是指在此强度之下只可能出现预定的测试结果比例(即1%,2%或5％)． 碎石
碎石是大小一致的粉碎岩石、圆石、鹅卵石
或沙砾石，用于表面修整。 粗骨料
粗骨料是经47.5mm筛选实验留在筛子上的材料。 鹅卵石
石头的一种，通常由于自然风化或磨损变圆，尺寸最小６０毫米，最大２００毫米。 均匀系数
均匀系数是指材料的６０％通过的筛孔与材料的10%通过的筛孔的比例。 复查实验
对已完工程的实验，以确定符合说明的要求。
Coupler
Coupler is the device comprising all components required to join up two tendons.
Crushed Particle
A crushed particle is a particle of coarse aggregate, which has at least three fractured faces
when obtained by crushing rock and boulders, and at least two fractured faces when obtained by crushing gravel. Crushed Ratio
The crushed ratio is the percentage of crushed particles of coarse aggregate in the total
number of particles of coarse aggregate. Culvert
A drainage structure which provides an opening under the carriageway or median for the passage of water. Curing Compound
A liquid which is applied as a surface coating to (newly placed) concrete and hardens to
form a membrane that inhibits the evaporation of moisture from the concrete. Cut
Cut shall mean all excavated material
from the road prism including side drains. Cutting
That portion of the road prism from
where material is excavated to sub-grade or road bed level. Deflector
Deflector is the device used to deflect a tendon alignment within a structural element. Duct
Duct is the void formed to house the tendon (s) and may be formed by coring, or by using
sheaths or by way of extractable cores. Earthworks
The excavation of material from cuttings and/or the construction of embankments. Embankment
That portion of the road prism composed of approved fill material, which lies above the
original ground and is bounded by the side slopes, described in the Contract, extending
downwards and outwards from the outer shoulder breakpoints and on which the pavement is constructed. Equipment
All machinery, together with the necessary supplies for upkeep and maintenance, and also all
tools and apparatus necessary for the proper construction and acceptable completion of the work.
Excess Overburden
Overburden within a borrow area which is not required or is unsuitable for use in construction.
连结装置
连结装置是由将两个钢筋束连接起来所需的所有部件组成的装置。 粉碎粒料
粉碎粒料是粗骨料的一种，通过粉碎岩石和圆石获得的至少有三个断裂面，从粉碎沙砾石获得的至少有两个断裂面。 粉碎率
粉碎率是指粉碎粒料在粗骨料粉碎时所占的百分比。 涵洞
一种排水构造，在车道下或中间，有一个开口供水流过。 养护混合物
一种用做（刚铺筑的）混凝土和硬质物表面涂层的液体，以形成禁止水气从混凝土蒸发的隔膜。 挖方
挖方指从路体（包括侧边排水管道）挖掘出的全部材料。 路堑
低于原地面，需要填方到路基、路床的挖方地基。 钢筋弯折机
钢筋弯折机在一个结构装置内弯折钢筋的装置。 管道
管道是为装钢筋而制成的孔洞，可以通过挖空、外加保护壳或抽芯形成。 土方工程
从路堑或建造路堤开挖的材料。 路堤
路堤是路体的一部分，按合同要求由批准材料填充在原始路面之上填充而成，并由路肩外边向外、向下延伸形成边坡，路面就建在路堤上。 设备
所有机器，包括机器维修保养所需供应，另外还有正确施工和可接受的完工所需的所有工具和机械设备。 清表
在取土区内清除不符合要求的或不适用于建筑的表土。
False work
Support for concrete formwork.
Fill
Material which is used for the construction of embankments. Filler
Processed or naturally occurring material passing the 75 micron sieve which is principally
used to improve the combined aggregate grading and thus reduce the air voids content of
bituminous mixtures. Fine Aggregate
Fine aggregate is crushed or naturally occurring material passing the 4.75mm sieve. Footway
An area normally adjacent to the carriageway provided for the use by pedestrians. Formwork
Temporary boarding or sheeting erected to contain concrete during placing, compacting and initial hardening. Furrow Ditch
A longitudinal drain or bank outside the road prism for diverting water that would otherwise
flow onto the road prism. Gabions
Gabions consist of woven steel mesh boxes or mattresses filled with stone. Grade line
The grade line is a reference line in the drawings of the longitudinal sections of the road
indicating at regular intervals the
elevations according to which the road is to be constructed.
The grade line may refer to the level of the completed road, base or any other layer and may
indicate the elevations either along the carriageway center line or along any
designated
position on the road cross-section. Grading Modulus(GM)
The cumulative percentages by mass of material in a representative sample of aggregate,
gravel or soil retained on the 2.00mm, 0.425mm and 0.075mm sieves, divided by 100. Gravel
Gravel is naturally occurring, rounded, granular material with a particle size of from 2mm to
60mm. (It does not apply to GravelWearing Courses). Grout Check
A recess formed at concrete construction joints, which may be filled with grout; to mask, and
ensure a straight line to, the joint. Highway
A general term denoting a public way for purposes of vehicular travel, including the entire
area within the right -of - way.
Inlet and Outlet Drainage Channels Channels leading into or discharging from culverts, storm-water drains and minor bridges.
脚手架
混凝土模具的支撑。 路堤填料
用于建设路堤的材料。 矿粉
通过75微米筛网的经过处理的或自然形成的材料，主要用于改善混合骨料的碾压并因此降低沥青混合物中的空气含量。 细骨料
细骨料是指粉碎的或自然形成的能通过4.75毫米筛网的材料。 人行道
供行人使用的区域，通常邻近车道。 模板
铺筑、压缩和初步加硬过程中用来容纳混凝土的临时支起的木板或挡板。 排水沟
路体以外的纵向排水管道或堤坝，用于将水排出，使其不能流入路体。 石筐
石筐由编织的钢丝筐或填满石头的垫子组成。 等高线
等高线是图纸中道路纵断面里的参考线，表明道路建设应该遵循的有规律的高程间隔。等高线可以指已经完工道路、基层或其他任何一层所处的水平线，也可以指示沿车道中心线的高程或道路横截面中任何一个指定位置的高程。 细度模数
具有代表性的骨料、沙砾或土壤的样品经筛选实验保留在2.00毫米,0.425毫米,0.075毫米筛网上的样品除以100获得的累积百分比。 沙砾石
沙砾石是自然形成的圆形的有颗粒的材料，颗粒大小在2毫米到60毫米之间。（不适用于沙砾路面）。 灌缝
在混凝土结构的接缝处灌满灰浆，用于连接并保证平整。 公路
供交通工具通行的公共道路的统称，包括依法准予通行道路以内的整个区域。 引入和引出排水渠 通向或自水管、暴雨排水管和小桥导出的渠道。
Inspector
The authorized representative of the Engineer assigned to make detailed inspections of
materials or contract performance. Kicker
A concrete plinth at least 70mm high above the concrete floor, forming the start of a concrete wall or column. Lane
Part of a travelled way intended for a single stream of traffic in one direction, which has
normally been demarcated as such by road markings.
Leveling Course(s)
One or more layers of asphalt or
granular material, of varying thickness, which are applied
to improve the regularity of an existing road surface. Lot
A sizable portion of work or quantity of material which is assessed as a unit for the purpose
of quality control and selected to
represent material or work produced by essentially the
same process and materials. Masonry
Stonework constructed with interlocking stones more than one stone thick. Median
The area between the two carriageways of a dual carriageway road. Median Drain
A longitudinal drain situated in the median of a dual carriageway road. Milling
Excavating and removing a layer of material exceeding 10 mm in thickness from an existing
pavement by means of an approved milling machine. Milling is normally used only in
asphalt and cemented layers. Mitre Drain/Mitre Bank
A Mitre Drain is a drain constructed at an angle to the centreline of the road to divert water
from the side drains. Mitre drains will include mitre banks placed across side drains. Mortar
A mixture of fine aggregate, cement and/or hydrated lime usually in predetermined
proportions, with water, to create a fine grained cementious material suitable for the bedding
of bricks and masonry etc.
Optimum Moisture Content for Compaction
The moisture content of a soil calculated on the basis of dry weight of soil at which the soil
can be compacted to the approximate maximum density under a specified standard method of compaction. Overburden
Overburden is unsuitable material which overlies suitable material within a borrow pit or quarry.
检验员
工程师的授权代表，被指派详细检验材料或合同执行情况。 路缘石
水泥路面以上至少70毫米高的水泥底座，水泥墙或水泥柱的开始部分。 单行道
用于驶向同一方向的单一交通流的道路的一部分，通常用路标等划分开来。 水平层
厚度不一的一层或多层沥青或颗粒材料，用于改善现有路面的平整度。 抽样
为控制质量，选取工程的一部分或部分材料作为一个检验单位，并且被选定部分能代表材料或基本上能代表由相同程序和材料建成的工程。 石料砌体
由紧密连接的石头建筑而成的石头工程，厚度大于单块石头的厚度。 中间带
一条双向车道路两个车道之间的区域。
中间带排水管
位于双向车道中间带的纵向排水管道。 铣刨
从已有路面上用许可的碾磨机挖掘或去除一层厚度超过10毫米的材料，通常只在沥青层和混凝土层使用。 斜面排水管道或斜面边坡
相对于道路中心线以一定的角度建造的排水管道，以将水从侧面排水管道转移。斜面排水管道包括横跨侧面排水管的斜面边坡。 砂浆
通常按预定比例，细骨料、水泥和/或熟石灰与水构成的混合物，形成一种细小颗粒状的黏性材料，适用于砌砖或砌石等。 最佳含水量
在干燥土重量基础上计算出的土壤湿度，在此湿度下，用特定标准压缩方法土壤可以压缩到合适的最大密度。 表土
在取土坑或采石场以内的覆盖在适用材料之上的不符合要求的材料。
Overlay
An additional pavement layer applied on top of an existing road for strengthening the
pavement and/or for improving the riding quality. Parking Lane
An auxiliary lane adjoining the travelled way for the purpose of vehicular parking. Pavement
Amulti-layered horizontal structure which is constructed for the purpose of carrying traffic. Pavement Layers
The layers of different materials, which comprise the pavement structure. Pavement Planning
Planning of an existing road surface by the removal of a layer of material by means of a
milling machine or other equipment. Pioneer Layer
An initial layer constructed over a weak roadbed where selected material is used to provide a
stable platform for the construction of subsequent layers. Prestress
Prestress is the stress induced in concrete by tensioned tendons. Prestressed concrete
Prestressed concrete is structural concrete in which effective internal stresses are induced by
means of tensioned tendons. Pre-stressing
Pre-stressing is the inducement of compressive stress into a structural concrete element
either by pre-tensioning or
post-tensioning tendons comprising of cables, wires or bars
incorporated into the element. Pre-tensioned concrete
Pre-tensioned concrete is prestressed concrete where the tendon is tensioned before the
concrete has been cast. Post-tensioned concrete
Post-tensioned concrete is prestressed concrete where the tendon is tensioned after the
concrete has hardened. Prime Coat
A bituminous treatment applied to the surface of a newly constructed unbound road base
prior to the construction of a bituminous layer or surface treatment. Project Specifications
The specifications relating to a specific project, which form part of the contract documents
for such project, and which contain supplementary and/or amending specifications to the
standard specifications.
路面结构层
铺在现有道路表面的额外层，用以加强路面和/或改善行驶质量。 停车道
邻近通行道的一个附属车道，用于停放交通工具。 路面
为承载交通工具而建的多层的水平构造。 路面层
用不同材料建成的多层，共同构成路面。 路面铣刨
对已有道路表面进行铣刨，通过用碾磨机或其他设备祛除一层材料。 低基层
在脆弱路床上铺筑的最初一层，使用挑选的材料，为后续几层的铺筑提供一个稳定的平台。 预应力
预受力是由绷紧的钢筋束在混凝土中产生的压力。
预应力混凝土
预应力混凝土是绷紧的钢筋束能产生有效内部压力的构造混凝土。 预施压
预施压是指对建筑混凝土施加压缩力，通过预先或事后拉紧由电缆、电线或条带物结合构成的钢筋束实现。 先张法混凝土
预强化混凝土是混凝土为铺筑之前钢筋束就已经拉紧的情况下产生的预受力混凝土。 后张法混凝土
后强化混凝土是混凝土硬化之后钢筋束才拉紧的情况下产生的预受力混凝土。 透层
用于刚建成的无边界的路基表层的沥青处理，先于铺筑沥青层或表层处理。 工程规范
与某一特定工程有关的规范，构成此工程合同文件的一部分并包含本标准规范的补充性和/或修正规范。
Pull-in
Pull-in is the elastic shortening of the tendon caused by relative movement between the
anchorage or coupler components on account of seating and gripping action during or
immediately after transfer. Quality Control
Procedures, and/or testing, carried out prior to, or during, the construction of the Works for
the purpose of ensuring compliance with the requirements of the Specification. Quarry
An area within designated boundaries, approved for the purpose of obtaining rock.
Recycling
The processing of salvaged material in a plant for re-use. Rehabilitation
Work undertaken to significantly extend service life and improve the condition or riding
comfort of an existing road. Reinforcement for Asphalt
A cloth or grid of synthetic material placed underneath or between asphalt layers for
strengthening the asphalt. Release
Release is the specified elastic shortening of the tendon at the anchorage achieved before or during transfer. Retexturing
Treatment of an existing road surface to restore the texture to a specified depth of texture or
skid resistance. Right-of - Way
The land secured and reserved by the Department for the construction and maintenance of
highway. Rip-rap
Unbonded stone provided to protect the surfaces of slopes and the beds of watercourses from erosion and scour. Road Base
A layer of material of defined thickness and width constructed on top of the sub-base, or in
the absence thereof, the sub-grade. A road base may extend beyond the carriageway. Road Bed
The natural in-situ material on which the embankment or capping layers are to be constructed.
Road Bed Material
The material below the road bed
extending to such depth as affects the support of the
embankment structure or capping layer.
弹性收缩
锚具和连接器装置的相对运动引起的钢筋束的弹性收缩，前两者的相对运动是在传送过程中或之后因机座和钳夹动作引起的。 质量控制
为确保符合本规范要求，在工程建设前或建设中实施的程序和/或测试。 采石场
在指定范围内，批准可以用于获取岩石的区域。 回收利用
在工厂对回收材料进行加工再利用。 改造
为显著地延长现有道路的使用寿命和改善路面行驶舒适度而进行的工作。 沥青强化剂
用于沥青层之下或沥青层之间的一薄层合成物质，用于强化沥青。 自锚
自锚是传送前或传送中在锚具形成的前述钢筋束的弹性回缩。
路面改良
对现有路面进行处理，将其纹理恢复到一个特定的纹理深度或防滑力。 施工宽度
部门预留的土地用于公路建设与维修。 护坡
为保护坡面和河床的不受侵蚀和冲刷而提供的不粘合的石块。 公路基层
建在底基层之上的或（没有底基层时）路基之上的规定厚度和宽度的一层材料。公路基层
可以延伸到车道之外。 路床
原地自然存在的材料，路堤或覆盖层建于其上。 路床材料
路床之下的材料,延伸到影响支撑路堤构造或覆盖层的深度。
Road Prism
The cross sectional area bounded by the original ground level and the sides of slopes in
cuttings and embankments excluding the pavement. Roadside
The portion of the highway outside the roadway.
Road Reserve
The entire area (Carriageways, median, side drains and catch water drains) included by the
boundaries of a road as proclaimed. Roadway
The roadway comprises the carriageway, shoulders and median. Rock
A mass of hard mineral material which, when excavated, requires the use of explosives,
sawing or splitting by mechanical means.
Roller Passes
Unless otherwise specified in the
specifications or the project specifications, an area will be
taken to have received one roller pass when a roller has passed over such area once.
Additional passes made only as a result of nominal overlapping so as to ensure full coverage
shall not be taken into account. Scabbing
The use of a hand-held or self supporting percussion machine to remove the surface of
hardened concrete without damaging the structure. Scarify
Loosen and break-up soil or existing pavement layers by means of a machine fitted with tines. Screed
A layer of fine-graded asphalt or slurry placed to fill in slacks in existing seals and to
improve the riding quality of the road. Seal
The application of one or more layers of bituminous binder with or without layers of crushed
stone, sand or slurry in successive layers on the carriageway, shoulders or on any other
compacted layer on which movement of traffic takes place. Selected Layer
The lower layer or layers of the
pavement, which is constructed, direct onto the fill, or in
some cases the roadbed. It may include roadbed material compacted in- situ. Services
Cables, pipes or other structures to provide, inter alia, conduits for electricity, telephone and
telegraph connections, water, sewage, etc. Sheath
Sheath is the tube or casing enclosing the tendon and which temporarily or permanently
allows a relative movement between the tendon and the surrounding concrete
路体
以原始地面和路堑及路堤中的坡面为界限的横截面区域，不包括路面。 路边
公路以外的部分。 公路专用区
正式公布的公路边界以内的整个区域（车道、中间带、侧翼排水管道和截水管道）。 公路道路
公路道路由车道、路肩和中间带组成。 岩石
大块的硬质矿物材料，挖掘时需用炸药或机器将其锯开或劈开。 碾压
只要压路机压过某区域一次，此区域就被认为是已经压过，本规范或工程规范中另有规定的除外。为确保全部覆盖而进行的少数重叠式的额外碾压不考虑在内。 刮表
用手持或自助撞击机器去除硬化混凝土的表面，不对建筑造成损害。 破碎
用装有尖齿的机器将土壤或已有路面层松弛并打碎。 找平层
由细沥青或水泥浆组成的一层，用于填满已有封顶层里的煤屑和改善路面行驶状况。 封层
用一层或多层含沥青黏合剂（与或不与多层粉碎石、沙或水泥浆层一起都可以）在车道、路肩或其他任何承载交通的压缩层上连续涂上多层。 挑选层
路面的较低的一层或多层，直接建设在填料
上或有时直接建设在路床上。它可以包括压缩在原地的路床材料。 服务设施
电缆、管道或其他构造，用于提供电线、电话和电报连接、水、污水及其它。 护套
护套是包裹钢筋束的管道，临时性或永久性承受钢筋束与周围混凝土的相对运动。
Shoulder
(a) When referring to this as a surface: The area between the outside edge of the travelled
way and the shoulder breakpoint.
(b) When referring to this as a pavement layer: The upper pavement layer lying between the
outside edge of the base and the shoulder breakpoint. Shoulder Breakpoint
The point on a cross section at which the extended flat planes of the surface of the shoulder
and the outside slope of the fill and pavement intersect. Side Drain
A longitudinal drain offset from, and parallel to, the carriageway. Side Fill
Side fill is either surplus or additional fill which is used to extend and flatten the slope of an
embankment and which is often
compacted to a lower standard than the former. Sidewalk
The portion of the roadway primarily constructed for the use of pedestrians. Skew or Skew Angle
The acute angle formed by the intersection of a line normal to the centerline of the roadway
with a line parallel to the centerline of bents, piers or abutments of a bridge, or in the case of
a culvert, with the centerline of the culvert barrels. Slope
Unless otherwise stated, slope is given in terms of the ratio of the vertical difference in
elevation between any two points and the horizontal distance between them. The ratio may
also be expressed as a percentage. Spalls
Chipped or splintered fragments of stone.
Specifications
The general term comprising all the direction, provisions and requirements contained herein,
entitled \"ERA Standard Technical Specification for Road Works -2001ogether with such
as may be added or adopted as
supplemental specifications or as special provisions, and all
documents of any description, including notes on plans, pertaining to the method and
manner of performing the work or to the quantities and qualities of materials to be furnished
under the contract. Spoil ( Material)
Surplus material originating from construction operations. Stabilization
The treatment of pavement materials by the addition of lime or Portland cement. Stone Pitching
A single course of stones placed on edge with spalls rammed into the spaces between the stones.
路肩
（１） 当指一个表面时：通行道外缘与路
肩临界点之间的区域。
（２） 当指路面的一层时：位于基层外缘
与路肩临界点之间的较高路面层。
路肩临界点 横截面的一点，路肩表面延伸的平坦面与填料的外侧坡及路面相交于此点。 侧面排水管道
远离并平行于车道的一条纵向排水管道。 侧面填料
侧面填料是指多余或额外的填料，用于延伸和平坦路堤坡面，压缩标准经常比以前的低。 人行道
主要供步行者使用的道路部分。 坡角
通常指垂直于道路中心线的线与平行于桥拱、桥墩的中心线的线相交形成的锐角，如果是涵洞，则是与涵洞中心线相交的交角。 坡度
任意两点之间垂直高度差与水平距离之比例，另有规定的除外。此比例也可以用百分比表示。 石子
破碎的石头。 规范
本书，即“埃塞俄比亚道路局公路工程标准技术规范－2001”，所包含的所有指示、规定和要求的统称，并包括可能添加或采用的补充规范或特别规定以及所有描述性文件，包括合同项下设计图中的备注和有关施工方法、方式或材料数量和质量的备注。 余料
来自建设操作中的多余材料。 稳定化
通过添加石灰或普通水泥对路面材料进行的处理。 填石子
将石子填入石头之间空隙的一道单一填石程序。
Structures
Bridges, culverts, catch basins, drop inlets, manholes, retaining walls, cribbing, end walls,
buildings, sewers, service pipes,
underdrains, foundation drains, and other miscellaneous
items, which may be encountered in the work, and which are not classified herein. Sub-base
The pavement layer of material of specified dimensions on top of the sub-grade and below the road base. Subcontractor
Any individual, firm or corporation to whom the Contractor sublets any part of the contract. Sub-grade
The surface upon which the pavement structure and shoulders are constructed. Substructure
All of that part of the structure below the bridge seats or bellow the spring lines of concrete
arches. Back walls and wing walls of abutments shall be considered as parts of the
substructure.
Sub-surface Drain (Sub-soil Drains) A covered drain constructed to intercept and remove sub-soil water. It includes all pipes and
filter material in the drain. Surface Dressing
The sealing or resealing of the surface of the carriageway or shoulders by means of one or
more successive applications of bituminous binder and chippings. Tack Coat
A bituminous treatment applied to the surface of an existing bituminous layer prior to the
construction of a new bituminous layer. Tendon
Tendon is the prestressing steel consisting of the bar, wire or strand
individually placed, or of
bars, wires or strands placed in a duct, all of which are tensioned to impart prestress to a concrete member. Tensioning
Tensioning is the action of inducing and regulating the force in a tendon by means of
tensioning and measuring equipment. Texture Treatment
Treatment of an existing road surface to obtain a uniform texture. Topsoil
A surface layer of soil, which contains organic matter and is capable of supporting the
growth of vegetation. Traffic
Vehicles, pedestrians and animals travelling along a route.
构筑物
桥梁、涵洞、蓄水池、进水道、检修孔、保留墙、末端墙、建筑物、下水道、管道、地下排水管道和其他各种工作中可能遇到的但未在此列出的设施。 底基层
路基之上基层之下的路面层，由规定尺寸的材料组成。 分包商
承包商将合同的任何一部分转予的任何个人、商号或公司。 路基
上面建造路面构造和路肩的一表层。 底部构造
桥梁底座之下或混凝土拱门起始线之下的所有构造部分。桥墩的后墙的侧翼墙应该看作底部构造的一部分。 路基排水（含盲沟）
建造用于阻止和排除底层土泥水封闭管道，包括排水系统中所有的管道和过滤材料。 表面灌缝
一次或连续多次使用含沥青黏合剂和碎石
对车道或路肩表面进行封顶或再封顶。 黏层
在新沥青层铺筑之前用于已有沥青层上的沥青处理。 钢筋束
钢筋束是由带、线或绳索单独构成或多个带、线或绳索放置于一管槽里构成的预应力钢筋，所有的组成部分都被拉紧向混凝土传送预受力。 张拉
张拉是通过绷紧设备和测量设备产生并规定钢筋束的力量的行为。 路表处理
为获得统一的纹理而对已有的路面进行的处理。 表土
土壤的表层，里面包含有机物，能支持植被生长。 交通
供车辆、行人和动物通行的线路。
Traffic Lane
Part of a carriageway intended for a single stream of traffic in one direction, which has
normally been demarcated as such by road markings. Transfer
Transfer in the case of post-tensioned concrete is the action of transferring the tensioning
force from the tensioning equipment (jack) to the anchorage.
Transfer in the case of pre-tensioned concrete is the action of transferring the force in the
tensioned tendon(s) to the concrete. Transmission length
Transmission length is the tendon length required to transmit via bond stresses the full force
in the tendon to the concrete. Travelled Way
That portion of the carriageway, which includes the various, traffic lanes and
auxiliary lanes
but exclude the shoulders. Unbound Material
Naturally occurring or processed
material, which is not bound together by the addition of a
binder such as cement, lime or bitumen. Verge
The area between the outer edge of the road prism and the boundary of the road reserve.
Wheel Track
The path followed by the wheel of a
vehicle during normal riding movements. The wheel
tracks cover approximately the outer meter width on both sides of a traffic lane.
Working Drawings
Stress sheets, shop drawings, erection plans, false work plans, cofferdam plans, bending
diagrams for reinforcing steel, or any other supplementary plans or similar data which the
contractor is required to submit to the Engineer for approval. Work in restricted areas
No additional or extra over payment will be made for work in restricted areas, unless the items of work to which it will apply and the pay items under which payment will be effected, are explicitly specified in these standard specifications or in the project specifications and listed in the schedule of quantities.
单行道
用于驶向同一方向的单一交通流的道路的一部分，通常由路标等划分开来。 传送
在后张预应力混凝土中，传送是指将张力从起重设备（千斤顶）传送到锚具的行为。 在先张预应力混凝土中，传送是指将拉紧的
钢筋束中的力量传送到混凝土。
传送长度
传送长度是指通过结合力传递钢筋束的全部力量到混凝土所需要的钢筋束长度。 通行道
车道的一部分，包括各类交通道和配套/附属道，但是不包括路肩。 非黏合材料
自然存在或人造的材料，不需通过添加水泥、石灰或沥青之类的黏合剂结合在一起的。 边界
路体外缘和公路专用地界限之间的区域。 轨道
交通工具的轮子正常行驶所遵循的路线，轨道大体占据一条交通道两边的靠外侧的一米的宽度。 工程图纸
承包商需向工程师提交并需确认的应力图表、施工图、建筑物设计图，脚手架设计图、围堰设计图、加固钢筋的弯曲程度图表，或其它任何补充性设计图或数据。 限定区域内工作
对限定区域的工作不予额外支付，除非所做工作项目和将给予的支付项目在标准规范中或工程规划中有明确规定并且在数量计划中列出。
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