第一课--音标与自然拼读法

第一课：学会音标与自然拼读法--快速记背单词

问题点与本课目的：

不知道为什么，现在的学校课堂教学中不重视音标教学了。不学音标，学生如何学会自己去拼读单词？音标如同汉语拼音一样，不学拼音如何将一个汉字的音读标准？从构造的原理来说，英文单词是表音的。也就是说，只要学会音标与自然拼读法，每看到一个单词，我们马上就可以猜测出它的大致发音。同样，只要会读我们马上就可以猜测出一个单词大致是如何拼写的。这对于记背单词是极有帮助的。所以，学习音标与自然拼读法对于记背英文单词可以起到事半功倍的效果，这是一堂必修课。

英文共有48个音标，分成二大类。一类是元音，共20个，相当于汉语中的“韵母”，一类是辅音，共28个，相当于汉语中的“声母”。

第一部分：48个音标

P1-1. 20个元音：

元音共有20个，分成单元音（也叫短元音）、长元音、双元音三组。

A. 单元音7个：

单元音指单个的元音，因为发音一般较短，所以也叫短元音。根据发音部位的不同，我们又将单元音分成三小组： 喉咙底部音 喉咙中部音 喉咙顶部音 3个喉咙音 [ i ] 扁嘴音 [ e ] 圆嘴音 [ Ə ] 2个嘴巴音 [ u ] 小张嘴音 [ ɔ ] 大张嘴音 2个嘴+喉音 注意：单元音在发音时要注意“短而促”。

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[ ʌ ] [ æ ] B. 长元音5个：

上述单元音中，有4个是可以将音拉长发成长音的，因此叫长元音。

另外，有一个音非常特殊，[ a ]这个音没有出现在音标表中，但部分单词的发音中却有这个单元音，比如what这个单词就可以发作[ wat ]。[ a ]这个音拉长发作[ a: ]。 备注：字母E的读音为[ i: ]，字母R的读音为[ a: ]。

C. 双元音8个：

双元音指二个单元音组合构成的音。根据收尾音的不同，我们又将双元音分成三小组： 以[ Ə ]结尾的：

以[ i ]结尾的：

以[ u ]结尾的： [ i: ] [ Ə: ] [ u: ] [ ɔ: ] [ a: ] [ iƏ] [ ei ] [ ai ] [ ɔi ] [ Əu ] [ au ] [ eƏ ] [ uƏ ] 注意：双元音在发音时要注意将音发完整，千万不要漏掉结尾音。

备注：字母A的读音为[ ei ]，字母I的读音为[ ai ]，字母O的读音为[ Əu ]。

备注说明1：

在汉语中，有些字的读音就只有声母，比如“爱”读作“ai”,“阿”读作“a”…。 同样，在英文单词中，一个元音就可以构成一个单词。比如：

[ Ə ]---a, 一（人，事，物） [ eƏ ]---air, 空气 [ ɔ ]---or, 或者 [ ai ]---I, 我；eye, 眼睛 [ a: ]---are, 是 [ ai ]---I, 我；eye, 眼睛 [ iƏ ]---ear, 耳朵

这样一类单词，我们把它们叫作纯元音单词。

备注说明2：

1). 26个英文字母中，只有元音字母或元音字母组合才可以发成元音。

2). 4个只能发成元音的字母为：Aa, Ee, Ii, Oo，我们把它们叫作纯元音字母。

3). 2个既可以发成元音又可以发成辅音的字母为：Uu, Yy，叫作半元音半辅间字母。 4). 其它只能发成辅音的字母，我们把它们叫作辅音字母。

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P1-2. 28个辅音：

辅音共有28个，分成爆破音、摩擦音、双辅音（破擦）、鼻音、舌则音、半元音四组。

A. 爆破音3组6个： [ p ] [ b ]

B. 摩擦音4组半9个： [ t ] [ d ] [ k ] [ d ] 清辅音 浊辅音 [ f ] [ v ]

[ s ] [ z ] [ θ ] [ ð ] [ ʃ ] [ ʒ ] [ h ] 清辅音 浊辅音 C. 双辅音（破擦音）3组6个： [ tʃ ] [ dʒ ]

D. 鼻音3个： [ ts ] [ dz ] [ tr ] [ dr ] 清辅音 浊辅音 [ m ]

E. 舌则音、半元音4个： 舌则音 半元音 [ n ] [ ŋ ] [ l ] [ y ] [ r ] [ w ] 注意：

1). 清辅音不振动声带，浊辅音则振动声带。

2).“[ l ]”在元音前与元音后发音不同，读时请注意：

3).“[ θ、ð、ʃ、ʒ、tʃ、dʒ ]”几个音是汉语发音中没有的，读时请注意： “[ θ、ð ]”这二个音，读的时候牙齿要轻轻咬住舌头，气流中牙齿缝中出； “[ ʃ ]”这个音，读的时候嘴唇皮一定要往外翻（做亲嘴样）； “[ tʃ ]”这个音有点象杭州话中“吃”的这个音； “[ dʒ ]”这个音有点象闽南话中“吃”的这个音。

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48个音标汇总表

单元音 长元音 元音（20个）

[ i ] [ i: ] [ iƏ] [ e ] [ Ə ] [ u ] [ ɔ ] [ ʌ ] [ æ ] [ Ə: ] [ u: ] [ ɔ: ] [ ei ] [ ai ] [ ɔi ] [ Əu ] [ au ] [ a: ] 双元音 [ eƏ ] [ uƏ ] 辅音（28个）

[ p ] 爆破音 [ t ] [ d ] [ s ] [ z ] [ ts ] [ dz ] [ n ] [ r ] [ w ] [ k ] [ d ] [ θ ] [ ð ] [ tr ] [ dr ] [ ŋ ] 清辅音 浊辅音 清辅音 浊辅音 清辅音 浊辅音 [ b ] [ f ] [ ʃ ] [ ʒ ] [ h ] 摩擦音 [ v ] [ tʃ ] [ dʒ ] [ m ] [ l ] [ y ] 双辅音 鼻音 舌则音 半元音

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第二部分：字母在单词中的发音

P2-1. 纯元音字母的常见发音： 字母 常见发音 Aa Ee Ii Oo [ei] [a:] [æ] [ɔ:] [ɔ] [e] [eƏ] [Ə] [i] age fast bag water quality any area ago village [i:] [i] [iƏ] [Ə] [e] we basket hero open desk [ai] [i:] [i] [Ə] bike police pity giraffe [Əu] [ɔ] [u] [ʌ] nose box woman mother 备注：每个字母的第一种发音被称作字母音。

P2-2. 半元音半辅音字母的常见发音： 字母 发元音时 发辅音时 其它情况 [ju:] 不发音 use buy, guide, build Uu Yy [u:] [u] [ʌ] [Ə] [i] [w] June pull duck upon busy quite [ai] [i] why many [j] yes

P2-3.辅音字母的常见发音： 字母组合 发音 例词 Bb [ b ] 不发音 bike, bye, best, Bob, black, blind, blood, … climb, doubt city, face, exercise, nice, rice, … come, can, act, basic, cry, climb, courious, … delicious, ancient, [ s ] Cc [ k ] [ ʃ ] 5

字母组合 发音 例词 do, dad, dear, dark, daughter, die, desk, … five, finger, fight, five, four, wife, knife, first, … give, get, forget, guy, fig, finger, frog, go, … page, German, Germany, giraffe, George, … foreign half, hi, her, hellow, heavy, happy, high, hall, … hour, honest job, just, jet, jacket, juice, Japan, adject, … key, work, fork, kitty, kiss, kite, king, kind, … know, knee, knife 元音前：let, light, long, learn, low, lay, lie, lot, … 元音后：little, bottle, school, almost, apple, pencil, … man, must, may, morning, my, most, room, … night, now, no, net, noodle, nose, moon, wine, … put, pink, purple, post, pain, pig, park, pear, … receipt river, read, right, rest, Mary, ring, really, row, … set, sit, say, sight, sing, this, seat, sea, sorry, … his, music, busy, business, noisy, exercise, … sure, surely top, tea, toy, time, tomorrow, let, what, hot, … very, vest, river, fever, vote, avoid, vedio, … water, we, worry, warm, swim, way, war, wet, … write, sword, answer exercise, excuse, fox, box, fix, mix, excite, … exam, example, exactly, exist, exotic, … zoo, zero, dozen, lazy, crazy, horizon, … 6

Dd Ff Gg [ d ] [ f ] [ g ] [ dʒ ] 不发音 Hh Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Pp Rr Ss Tt Vv Ww Xx Zz

[ h ] ▲不发音 [ dʒ ] [ k ] 不发音 [ l ] [ l ] [ m ] [ n ] [ p ] 不发音 [ r ] [ s ] [ z ] [ ʃ ] [ t ] [ v ] [ w ] 不发音 [ ks ] [ gz ] [ z ] L2-4. 元音字母组合：

元音字母与元音字母组合，或结合辅音字母后的组合，发成元音的，叫作元音字母组合。常见的元音字母组合有以下这些： A组合 E组合 I组合 O组合 U组合

ai, aigh, air, al, all, ar, are, au, augh, aur, aw, ay, ang ea, ear, ee, eer, ei, eigh, eir, er, ere, ew, eu, ey, eng iar, ie, igh, ir, ire, iu, ing oa, oar, oe, oi, ong, oo, oor, or, ou, ough, our, ore, ow, oy ue, ui, ur, ure L2-5. 元音字母组合的发音规则：

字母组合 发音 例词 daily, wait, brain, train, main, railway, afraid, … certainly, captain, Britain, … Straight, … air, hair, stair, fair, pair, repair, chair, … walk, talk, chalk, … almost, also, always, although, already, salt, … calm, half, palm, … all, call, tall, fall, wall, ball, mall, small, … shall, … star, artist, farther, card, dark, party, sharpener war, warm, towards, wharf, quarrel, … dollar, sugar, solar, Edward, … hare, care, dare, fare, spare, prepare, share, … are August, autumn, sausage, cause, because, author aunt ai aigh air al [ ei ] [ Ə ] [ ei ] [ eƏ ] [ ɔ: ] [ ɔ:l ] [ a: ] [ ɔ:l ] [æ, Ə] all [ a: ] ar [ ɔ: ] [ Ə ] [ eƏ ] [ a: ] [ ɔ: ] [ a: ] are au 7

augh aur aw ay ang 字母组合 [ a:f ] [ ɔ: ] [ ɔ: ] [ ɔ: ] [ ei ] [æŋ] 发音 laugh, laughter daughter, naughty, taught, caught, … dinosaur law, draw, saw, paw, awesome, … stay, may, lay, bay, way, today, Thursday, say bang, hang, dang, lang, … 例词 meat, beat, seat, weak, tea, easy, please, cheap break, great, … bread, ready, head, dead, weather, heavy, feather really, idea, area, theatre … reality earn, early, learn, earth, heard, pearl, research, … heart ear, dear, hear, year, clear, near, spear, tear (n.) wear, bear, pear, swear, tear (v.), … meet, feet, green, three, week, jeep, sheep, … deer, beer, cheer, engineer, pioneer, … receive, ceiling, receipt, seize, … either, neither eight, weigh, weight, … height their her, term, serve, certain, … clerk worker, waiter, farther, writer, ruler, player, sister 8

[ i: ] [ ei ] ea [ e ] [ iƏ ] [ iæ ] [ Ə: ] ear [ a: ] [ iƏ ] [ eƏ ] ee eer ei eigh eir er [ i: ] [ iƏ ] [ i: ] [ ai ] [ ei ] [ ai ] [ eƏ ] [ Ə: ] [ a: ] [ Ə ]

[ iƏ ] here, merely, … there, where, … were new, few, knew, … blew, grew, … sew Europe key, keyboard, … they, hey, grey, Mey, drey, prey, … monkey, money, whiskey, … length English ere [ eƏ ] [ Ə: ] [ ju: ] ew eu ey [ u: ] [ Əu ] [ ju: ] [ i: ] [ ei ] [ i ] [ eŋ ] [ iŋg ] 发音 eng 字母组合 例词 familiar, piece, field, believe, chief, die, lie, pie, society, tie, quiet, friend, barbie, cookie, worried, buried, married, studied high, night, light, bright, right, might, tight, … behaviour curious, serious bird, sir, birthday, girl, thirteen, thirsty, shirt, … wire, fire, hire, … stadium sing, thing, spring, working, thinking, singer, … iar [ iƏ ] [ i: ] [ ai ] ie [ aiƏ ] [ e ] [ i ] igh iour ious ir ire iu [ ai ] [ iƏ ] [ iƏs ] [ Ə: ] [ aiƏ ] [ iƏ ] [ iŋ ] ing 9

字母组合 发音 例词 coat, road, boat, goal, Joan, coal, … abroad board, blackboard, shoe, toe, doe, … poem, poet, … noise, noisy, point, coin, soil, toilet, … long, song, strong, … moon, tooth, cool, school, room, kangaroo, … book, good, hood, look, foot, took, cookie, … flood, blood door, floor, poor, moor, … corner, short, forty, horse, for, order, born, … sorry word, worker, worse, worth, worm, … correct, actor, doctor, tractor, mayor, author, … house, south, mouse, about, cloudy, mountain, … soul, mould soup, group, you would, could, should double, touch, young, country famous, nervous tourist, tourism plough, bough though thought, fought through tough cough 10

oa oar oe oi ong oo oor [ Əu ] [ ɔ: ] [ ɔ: ] [ Əu ] [ Əui ] [ ɔi ] [ ɔŋ ] [ u: ] [ u ] [ ʌ ] [ ɔ: ] [ ɔ: ] [ ɔ ] [ Ə: ] [ Ə ] [ au ] [ Əu ] [ u: ] or ou [ u ] [ ʌ ] [ Ə ] [ uƏ ] [ au ] [ Əu ] [ ɔ: ] [ u: ] [ ʌf ] [ ɔf ] ough

[ uƏ ] [ auƏ ] tour our, hour, flour, sour four, pour, your, course journey, journalist hono(u)r, neighbo(u)r before, store, more, fore, score know, low, show, slow, yellow, tomorrow, row, … cow, now, down, crowded, flower, power, shower boy, toy, joy, enjoy, Roy, our [ ɔ: ] [ Ə: ] [ Ə ] ore ow oy 字母组合 [ ɔ: ] [ Əu ] [ au ] [ ɔi ] 发音 例词 blue, glue, true, issue, Tuesday, value, argue, suit, fruit, juice, ruin, fluid, suicide nurse, turn, burn, Thursday, murder, urgent, … survive sure, surely pure, cure figure ue ui ur [ u: ] [ ju: ] [ u: ] [ ui ] [ Ə: ] [ Ə ] [ uƏ ] [ ju:Ə ] [ Ə ] ure

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L2-6. 辅音字母组合：

辅音字母与辅音字母组合，或结合元音字母后的组合，发成辅音或单独一个音节的，叫作辅音字母组合。常见的辅音字母组合有以下这些： 字母 元音前字母组合 br~, bl~, bu~ ch~, cr~ dr~ fl~, fr~ gg~, gh~, gu~, gl~, gr~ kn~ / / / ph~, pl~, pr~ qu~ sc~, scr~, sch~, sh~ sk~, sl~, sm~, sn~, sp~, spl~, spr~, squ~, st~, str~, su~, sw~ th~, thr~, tr~, tw~, tt~ / / wh~, wr~ zz~ 元音后字母组合 ~ble, ~be ~ch, ~ct, ~ck, ~cle, ~cian~, ~cious, ~ce, ~ds, ~dle, ~ddle, ~dge, ~de ~ff, ~ft, ~ffe, ~fe ~gle, ~ge ~ke ~ld, ~lk, ~lm, ~lp, ~lt, ~le, ~lure, ~llion, ~lian ~mn, ~me ~nd, ~nk, ~nt, ~ne ~ph, ~pt, ~ple, ~pple, ~pe ~que B组合 C组合 D组合 F组合 G组合 K组合 L组合 M组合 N组合 P组合 Q组合 S组合 ~sh, ~sk, ~sp, ~st, ~ss, ~se T组合 V组合 X组合 W组合 Z组合 ~tch, ~th, ~ts, ~tt, ~tle, ~ttle, ~tion, ~ture, ~te ~ve ~xious / ~ze 12

L2-6. 辅音字母组合的发音规则：

字母组合 发音 例词 blind, blow, black, blanket, blow, blouse, … brief, bring, brought, bright, brave, brain, brother buy, build, building, built, Buick, … table, trouble, able, possible, double, noble, … fibre vibe, cube, tube, robe, … China, cheap, charge, change, check, chocolate, … each, teach, much, which, … cry, crayon, create, crazy, crash, crime, crisis, … strict, act, rect, actor, brick, knock, black, hack, lock, rock, pocket, … uncle, article, bicycle, circle, … musician, technician, magician, … delicious, precious rice, mice, nice, twice, ice, … drive, driver, drop, dress, draw, drink, dragon, … words, cards, deeds, nods, woods, lands, hands, … handle, candle, noodle, … middle, paddle, bridge, fridge, edge, knowledge, … decide, ride, hide, code, pride, wide, made, … fly, floor, flat, flag, flash, flew, flight, fluent, … bl~ br~ bu~ ~ble ~bre ~be ch~ ~ch cr~ ~ct~ ~ck~ ~cle ~cian ~cious ~ce dr~ ~ds ~dle ~ddle ~dge ~de fl~ [ bl ] [ br ] [ b ] [ b(Ə)l ] [ bƏ ] [ b ] [ tʃ ] [ tʃ ] [ kr ] [ kt ] [ k ] [ k(Ə)l ] [ ʃƏn ] [ ʃƏs ] [ s ] [ dr ] [ dz ] [ d(Ə)l ] [ d(Ə)l ] [ dʒ ] [ d ] [ fl ] 13

fr~ ~ft ~ff~ ~ffe ~fe gg~ gh~ gu~ gl~ gr~ ~gle ~ge kn~ ~ke ~ld ~lk ~lm ~lp ~lt ~lure ~lian ~llion ~le [ fr ] [ ft ] [ f ] [ f ] [ f ] [ dʒ ] [ g ] [ g ] [ gu ] [ gl ] [ gr ] [ g(Ə)l ] [ dʒ ] [ n ] [ k ] [ ld ] [ lk ] [ lm ] [ lp ] [ lt ] [ ljƏ] [ ljƏn] [ ljƏn] [ l ] free, frog, from, front, fruit, France, frequency, … shift, lift, left, loft, soft, craft, thrift, … off, coffee, offer, office, official, afford, effect, … giraffe wife, life, knife, cafe, safe, suggest, ghost, Ghana guest, guide, guy, guard, guess, guitar, … language glass, glue, glad, global, glow, … green, grass, group, grammar, programme, … angle, single, eagle, jungle, triangle, … age, page, huge, orange, marriage, cabbage, … know, knock, knowledge, knee, knife, knit, … make, lake, wake, cake, like, Mike, strike, … wild, sold, field, old, cold, mild, mold, held, … silk, milk film help salt failure Australian, million, billion smile, mile, tale, whale, whole, sole, rule, … 14

~mn ~me ~nd ~nk ~nt ~ne ~ph~ pl~ pr~ ~pt ~ple ~pple ~pe qu~ que~ sc~ sch~ scr~ sk~ ~sk ~sh~ sl~ [ m ] [ m ] [ nd ] [ŋk ] [ nt ] [ n ] [ f ] [ pl ] [ pr ] [ pt ] [ t ] [ p(Ə)l ] [ p(Ə)l ] [ p ] [ kw ] [ k ] [ sg ] [ s ] [ sg ] [ sgr ] [ sg ] [ sk ] [ ʃ ] [ sl ] autumn same, blame, lame, time, crime, … and, sand, land, brand, tank ink, link, pink, tank, trunk, think, drink, … ant, pant, aunt, want, moment, movement, … wine, line, mine, lane, combine, bone, alone, … photo, phone, phase, elephant, graph, … plane, please, plite, plenty, place, pleasure, … pretty, present, pratice, proud, provide, price, … kept, accept, adopt, swept, prompt, … receipt simple, purple, people, temple, example, sample, … apple, nipple, rope, pipe, tape, cape, Europe, … quiet, quite, quick, liquid, request, quit, quality unique score, scarf, Scott, scale, scared, … science, scientist, scissors, scene, … school, schedule screw, scream, scratch skate, sky, skin, skirt, risk, disk, desk ship, shy, shoe, sheep, shall, shrimp, wish, fish slow, slim, slide, sleep, slave, … 15

sm~ sn~ sp~ ~sp spl~ spr~ squ~ ss~ ~st~ str~ su~ sw~ [ sm ] [ sn ] [ sb ] [ sp ] [ sbl ] [ sbr ] [ sgw ] [ s ] [ sd ] [ sdr ] [ sw ] [ sw ] [ s ] [ s ] [ z ] [ θ ] [ θr ] [ tr ] [ tw ] [ tʃ ] [ ts ] [ t ] [ t(Ə)l ] [ t(Ə)l ] smile, small, smart, smell, smoke, Smith, smooth snake, snow, snack speak, spot, spend, spider, speech, grasp splendid, split spring, spread, spray square, squid business, carefulness, mess, mass, boss, miss, … stay, stand, stood, stick, star, stone, still, state strict, strike, strong, strange, street, structure, … suite sweep, swim, sweet, sweater sword base, case, use lose, nose, pose, wise, fuse thank, think, thought, method, tooth, mouth, … three, through, throw, thread, … tree, try, train, travel, treat, trip, trouble, trouser two, twins, twelve, twenty, twice match, catch, watch, fetch, switch, bitch, scratch streets, beats, meets, hits, gets, … letter, butterfly, cigarette, hotter, Scott, … gentle, turtle bottle, little, battle, settle, cattle, Seattle, … ~se ~th~ thr~ tr~ tw~ ~tch ~ts ~tt~ ~tle ~ttle 16

~tion ~ture ~te ~ve [ ʃƏn ] [ tʃƏn ] [ tʃƏ ] [ t ] [ v ] action, nation, motion, attention, translation, … question, suggestion lecture, picture, nature, temperature, culture, … write, polite, vote, remote, state, live, native, active, wave, cave, love, thieve, … anxious why, which, when, what, while, where, white, … who, whom, whose, whole, … write, written, wrote, wrong, wrap, wrist, … buzzle pizza size ~xious [ kʃƏs ] wh wr zz ze [ w ] [ h ] [ r ] [ z ] [ ts ] [ z ]

注意：

所有[ s ]读音后的清辅音要发成浊辅音，比如： [ sp ] 要读成 [ sb ] [ st ] 要读成 [ sd ] [ sk ] 要读成 [ sg ] [ str ] 要读成 [ sdr ]

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第三部分：发音与字母对照表

P3-1. 元音与字母对照： 对应字母 读音 a e i o u y 字母组合 ey, ie ea, ie ai, al, ar, er, or, ou, o(u)r, ur, ure oo, ou or oo, ou al ea, ee, ey, ie ear, er, ere, ir, or, our, ur ew, oo, ou, ough, ue al, ar, au, augh, aur, oa, oor, ough, our ar, are, au, ear, er ea, ear, eer, ere, iar, iour, iu air, are, ear, eir, ere ou, our, ure ai, aigh, ay, ea, eigh, ey ei, ie, igh oi, oy ew, oa, oe, ough, ow ou, ough, ow 18

[ i ] [ e ] [ Ə ] [ u ] [ ɔ ] [ ʌ ] [ æ ] [ i: ] [ Ə: ] [ u: ] [ ɔ: ] [ a: ] [ iƏ ] [ eƏ ] [ uƏ ] [ ei ] [ ai ] [ ɔi ] [ Əu ] [ au ] a a a a a a a a a e e e e e i i i i o o o o u u u u u y y

P3-2. 组合音与字母对照： 读音 字母组合 [ ju: ] [ ju:Ə ] [ ui ] [ Əui ] [ ƏuƏ ] [ auƏ ] [ aiƏ ] [ a:f ] [ ʌf ] [ ɔf ] [ ɔl ] [ ɔ:l ] [ iƏs ] [ iŋ ] [æŋ] [ eŋ ] [ iŋg ] [ ɔŋ ]

u, ew, eu, ue ure ui oe our our ie, ire augh ough ough al al, all ious ing ang eng ing ong 19

P3-3. 辅音与字母对照： 读音 字母组合 读音 字母组合 b, bu~, ~be, d, ~de, g, gh~ v, ~ve, s, z，~se, zz g, j, ~dge, gg~, ~ge, ~ds, dr~, m, kn~, ~ne, ~le, r, wr~, w, wh~, x [ p ] [ t ] [ k ] [ f ] [ s ] [ θ ] [ ʃ ] [ h ] [ tʃ ] [ ts ] [ tr ] [ m ] [ ŋ ] [ l~ ] [ y ] [ ks ] p, ~pe, t, ~pt, tt~, ~te, c, k, ck, ~ke, ~que, f, ff, ~ffe, ~fe, ~gh, ph, c, s, ~ce, sc~, ss, sw~, ~se th, c, s, sh, h, wh~, ch, ~tch, ~ts, zz, tr~, m, ~mn, ~me, l, x [ b ] [ d ] [ g ] [ v ] [ z ] [ ð ] [ ʒ ] [ dʒ ] [ dz ] [ dr ] [ n ] [ ~l ] [ r ] [ w ] gz

P3-4. 部分特殊组合音与字母对照： 读音 字母组合 读音 字母组合 cian, tion tion ture, ~cher cious ure lian, llion [ b(Ə)l ] [ k(Ə)l ] [ d(Ə)l ] [ g(Ə)l ] [ p(Ə)l ]

ble cle dle, ddle gle ple, pple tle, ttle [ ʃƏn ] [ tʃƏn ] [ tʃƏ ] [ ʃƏs ] [ ljƏ] [ ljƏn] [ t(Ə)l ] 20