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动词的分类超详细解析,太太太全了,果断收藏

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动词的分类超详细解析,太太太全了,果断收藏⼀. 动词概说1. 动词(verb)是表⽰动作或状态的词。1)表⽰动作:swim游泳;push推2)表⽰状态:have有;be是2. 英语动词有时态、语态、语⽓等形式上的变化。⼆. 动词的分类1. 谓语动词和⾮谓语动词从是否能充当句⼦中的谓语来看,动词有谓语动词和⾮谓语动词两⼤类。1) 谓语动词有⼈称和数的变化。如:Heisa tractor driver.他是⼀个拖拉机⼿。Factsaremore eloquent than words.事实胜于雄辩。Wehavefriends all over the world.我们的朋友遍天下。An applefallsby the force of gravitation.地⼼吸⼒使苹果落地。2) ⾮谓语动词⾮谓语动词有动词不定式、动名词和分词三种,在句⼦⾥都不能单独作谓语,没有⼈称和数的变化。如:I am pleasedto meet you.我很⾼兴与你相识。(动词不定式)Smokingis harmful to the health.吸烟对⾝体有害。(动名词)I heard themsingingthe Internationale。我听见他们唱《国际歌》。(现在分词)Spokenwords are often more powerful than writing.语⾔往往⽐⽂字更有⼒。(过去分词)2. 实义动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词从其含义来分,动词有实义动词(notional verb),连系动词(link verb),情态动词(modal verb)和助动词(auxiliary verb)四类。1) 实义动词实义动词有完全的词义,并能独⽴作谓语动词。如:The sunshonebrightly this morning.今天早晨阳光灿烂。Helikesto go for a long walk on sundays.他喜欢星期⽇出去作长距离散步。Wehavea big TV set in the club.我们俱乐部有台⼤电视机。2) 连系动词连系动词在句中作谓语动词,后⾯跟表语。英语连系动词有be(是),seem(似乎),look(看来),keep(保持),become(变成),get(变得),grow(变得),feel(感到),turn(变得,变成),appear(显得),remain(仍旧是)等。如:Itisnever too late to mend.改过不嫌晚。Itwasa close game.那场球赛⽐分很接近。The children in this nurserylookvery healthy.这个托⼉所的孩⼦看起来都⾮常健康。Keepquiet,please!请安静!,

The tape recorderseemsall right.这台录⾳机好像没有⽑病。Later hebecamea doctor.他后来成为⼀名医⽣。

The problemremainedunsolved until last year.问题到去年才解决。[注⼀]下⾯句⼦中的come和go也是连系动词。如:

The old man's dream has come true.这位⽼⼈的梦想实现了。Something has gone wrong with the truck.卡车出⽑病了。[注⼆] 有些连系动词如seem, appear等后⾯常跟to be。如:

The new text seens to be easy,but actually it is rather difficult.这篇新课⽂好像很容易,其实相当难。

She appears to be the girl's sister.她似乎是那⼥孩的姐姐。3) 情态动词

情态动词有can (能),may (可以,也许),must(必须)等,表⽰能⼒、义务、必要、猜测等说话⼈的语⽓或情态。情态动词只能和主要动词⼀起构成谓语动词。4) 助动词

助动词有shall,will,have,be,should,wonld, do等。它们只能和主要动词⼀起构成各种时态、语态、语⽓等动词形式,以及否定和疑问等结构中的谓语动词。3. 及物动词和不及物动词

从是否能直接跟宾语来分,实义动词⼜有及物动词和不及物动词两类。1) 及物动词

后⾯必须跟宾语意义才完整的实义动词,叫做及物动词(transitive verb)。如:

Ibelievethat the committee willconsiderour suggestion.我相信委员会将会考虑我们的建议。'How long can Ikeepthe book ?'Harry asked.哈⾥问:'这本书我可以借多久?'Dr. Bethunesetus a good example. ⽩求恩⼤夫给我们树⽴了好榜样。Crude oilcontainsmany useful substances.原油含有许多有⽤的物质。2) 不及物动词

本⾝意义完整后⾯不须跟宾语的实义动词,叫做不及物动词(intransitive verb)。如:Birdsfly.鸟会飞。

Ithappenedin June 1932.这件事发⽣于⼀九三;年六⽉。My watchstopped.我的表停了。

Shespokeat the meeting yesterday evening. 她在昨天晚上的会上发了⾔。3) 兼作及物动词和不及物动词

英语⾥有不少实义动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。这样的动词⼜有两种不同的情况:a) 兼作及物动词和不及物动词时,意义不变。试⽐较:Shall I begin at once?我可以⽴刻开始吗?(begin作不及物动词)

She began working as a librarian after she left school.她毕业后当图书馆管理员。(began作及物

动词)

When did they leave Chicago?他们是什么时候离开芝加哥的?(leave 作及物动词)They left last week. 他们是上周离开的。(left 作不及物动词)b) 兼作及物动词和不及物动词时,有时意义不尽相同。如:Wash your hands before meals.饭前要洗⼿。Does this cloth wash well? 这布经得起洗吗?4) 与汉语的⽐较

有时英语动词的及物和不及物的⽤法,与汉语的⽤法不⼀样,请注意下列两种情况:a)有的动词在英语⾥只能⽤作不及物动词,⽽汉语则可⽤作及物动词,如arrive到达,agree同意,1isten听。英语⾥这些动词后⾯常接介词。如:

We arrived at the railway station at noon.我们于中午到达⽕车站。(at不能省去)(⽐较:Wereached the railway station at noon.)

Everybody listened to the lecture with great interest.每个⼈都很有兴趣地听讲课。(to不可省去)(⽐较:We all heard the lecture.)

Do they agree to the plan?他们同意这个计划吗?(to不可省去)

b)有的动词在英语⾥能⽤作及物动词,⽽在汉语⾥则不能⽤作及物动词,如serve为…服务。Our children are taught to serve the people wholeheartedly.我们的⼉童被教以全⼼全意为⼈民服务。4. 短语动词

动词常和某些其他词类⽤在⼀起,构成固定词组,形成所谓短语动词(phrasal verb)。和动词⼀样,短语动词也可分为及物和不及物两种。短语动词可以作为⼀个整体看待,同⼀般动词⼀样使⽤。1) 动词 + 介词

这类短语动词⽤作及物动词,后⾯须跟宾语。如:

The small boy insisted on going with his parents.那男孩坚持要跟⽗母⼀起去。Do you often listen to broadcasts in English? 你常听英语⼴播吗?

Look at the children. Aren't they lovely?看着这些孩⼦们。他们多么可爱呀!We stand for self-reliance.我们是主张⾃⼒更⽣的。

这⼀类的短语动词还有很多,如depend on (upon)(依*),wait on (服侍),look for (寻找),dealwith(对待),look after(照料),wait for(等待)等。2) 动词+副词

这类短语动词有的⽤作及物动词,有的⽤作不及物动词。如:

I always get up as soon as the bell rings. 我总是⼀打铃就起床。(不及物)Look out,there's a car coming! 当⼼,来汽车了!(不及物)

Have you handed in your exercises already? 你已经交练习了吗?(及物)

Please don't forget to put on your coat;it's cold outside.请不要忘记穿外⾐,外⾯很冷。(及物)这⼀类的短语动词还有很多,及物如 put out (扑灭), eat up (吃光),putdown(放下);不及物如set off (出发),come up(⾛近),go on(继续)。

[注⼀]'动词+副词'这类短语动词和上⾯第⼀类'动词 + 介词'的不同之处在于:'动词+ 介词'⽤作及

物动词,后⾯须跟宾语。'动词 + 副词'则有的及物,有的不及物;⽤作及物动词⽽宾语为⼈称代词或⾃⾝代词时,副词往往放在宾语之后。如:

Please wake me up at five tomorrow.请在明天早上五点唤醒我。

If you have done your exercises,please hand them in.如果你们练习做完了请交来。She doesn't normally behave like that;she's putting it on.她通常并不如此表现,她是装出来的。

[注⼆]这类短语动词有不少可兼作及物和不及物动词⽤。如:He took off his hat when he entered the office.他进办公室后脱下帽⼦。(及物)The plane took off at seven sharp.飞机在七点整起飞。(不及物)

Charlie rang up Neil to ask about the time of the meeting.查理打电话给尼尔问开会的时间。(及物)

If you can't come,please ring up and let us know.你如来不了,请来电话告诉我们⼀声。(不及物)

3) 动词 + 副词 + 介词

短语动词'动词 + 副词'之后有的可以再加⼀个介词,形成另⼀种短语动词。这类短语动词⽤作及物动词。如:

Do not give up hope. We must go on with the experiment不要失望。我们必须继续试验。(go on with继续)He came up to me.他⾛到我跟前。(come up to⾛近)

这类短语动词还有:look down upon(看不起),do away with(去掉),put up with(忍受)等。4) 动词 + 名词 + 介词这类短语动词也是及物的。如

He shook hands with all the guests at the banquet.他在宴会上和宾客⼀⼀握⼿。

Young pioneers often come to the Children's Palace to take part in after=school activities. 少先队员经常到少年宫来参加课外活动。

Pay attention to the temperature of the stored rice.注意仓库⾥的稻⾕的温度。Her job is taking care of the babies.她的⼯作是照顾婴⼉。

这⼀类短语动词还有:put an end to (结束),take notice of (注意),catch hold of (抓住),losesight of(看不见),make use of(利⽤)等

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