词汇学整理
一、选择题25题25分
1.从规约走向描述的里程碑词典是：OED(P.237)
2.同义词的特征？（P.125）
Synonymousword group a common denotative component brings the words together.
3.习语的特征？(P.190)
Idiomsare usually semantically opaque and are characterized by structural
invariability.
4.古代英语
Archaicwords are words no longer in common use, however they are retainedfor
specialpurpose, they
aresometimes employed in poetry, business letters, legal documents,religious
speeches,and prose,
(markedarch. Or aic. ) whereas obsolete words just refer to the wordscompletely
outof current use .
markedobs. (olete.) or dated in a dictionary.
5.语境的分类(P.152-P155)
Linguistic(or verbal )contexts or extra-linguistic （ornonverbal）candetermine
themeanings of words,
esp.those of polysemous words.
1.Linguistic(or verbal )contexts:
Lexicalcontext,
Lexicalcontext refers to the lexical items combined with a given polysemous
word.(seethe examples of
makeon p.153 )
Grammaticalcontext,
Ingrammatical context, the syntactic structure of the contextdetermines various
individualmeanings of
a polysemous word.(see the examples of | ake | in various settings on |
p.153)However, it is not sufficient
toindicate all the individual meanings of a given word.(see theexamples concerning
thedifferent
meaningsof the same pattern get+n. on p.154 )
Verbalcontext
Theverbal context, in its broadest sense, may cover an entire passag ,or even
anentire book, and in some
caseseven the entire social or cultural setting, as stated at thebeginning of
thechapter.
2.Extra-linguistic/contextof situation:
1)Theactual speech situation in which a word (or an utterance, or a speechevent)
occurs.(seethe
exampleof operation on p.155)
2)The entire cultural background against which a word, or an utteranceor a speech
eventhas to be set
(seethe example of peasant and
armeron p.156)
6.?两个单词有相同的部分，根据什么来猜意义？
Componentialanalysis and semantic features
7.理据？(P.94-95)
Motivationcan be classified into three types:
1)Phonetic motivation;
Wordsmotivated phonetically are called echoic words or onomatopoeic words,whose
pronunciation
suggeststhe meaning.
2)Morphological motivation;
Wesay that the word is morphologically motivated, for a directconnection can
beobserved between the
morphemicstructure of the word and its meaning.
Ifwe know the meaning of the affix and the base, then we canimmediately the
meaningof this word.
3)Semantic motivation.
Semanticmotivation refers to motivation based on semantic factors
Thefigurative usage can provide semantic motivation; the figurativemeaning can
bereadily understood by
thosewho know the literal meaning.
8.研究多义的两个方法
Theyare : 1) diachronic ; 历时角度2)synchronic .共时角度(P.110)
1)diachronic
Thestudy of the growth or change in the semantic structure of a word, orthe
studyof how the semantic
structureof a word has developed from a primary meaning to the presentpolysemic
state,i.e. with
derivedmeaning springing from the original meaning. This way of study iscalled
diachronic
approaches.(primarymeaning and the present polysemic meaning )
Synchronically,we are interested in the comparative value of individual meanings
andthe interrelation
betweenthe central meaning and secondary meaning.
(P.206)习语的文体特征？9.Stylisticfeature
Mostidioms are stylistically neutral, but quite a number of them belongto
informalspoken English.
Afew idioms suggest a dignified and elevated tone, and are used onformal occasions,
e.g.
Someidioms phrases are slangy.
Stylisticfeature of idioms, however, are constantly shifting, and what isslang
todaymay informal
tomorrow.
10.词义变化的内部要素（原因）？Linguisticcause: (P172-175)
Changeof meaning is frequently brought about by two tendencies in alinguistic
system;towards ellipsis
andtoward analogy.
Ellipsisas a cause of semantic change often occurs in habitual collection,such
asadjective +noun, or
attributivenoun + noun, in which the noun is deleted and only the first element
(theattributive) is left,
butretaining the sense of the whole phrase.
Theanalogical tendency is also constantly at work. New meaningsdeveloped in
onepart of speech are
passedon to other parts of speech from the same lexical base.
11.(P.28)
词素的分类？
Freemorpheme Free root
PrefixMorpheme
Boundroot
Sufix
Derivationalaffixes Bound morpheme
Affix
Inflectionaffixes
12.?
修辞Itis a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlikeelements 明喻Simile：)in
common.To make the comparison, words like 性havingat least one quality or characteristic (特
明喻as,as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associatewith one to the other
之间的相(tenor)和喻体(vehicle)（simile）是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比，表明本体 like,
as,as if, as though 等似关系，两者都在对比中出现。常用比喻词Itis like a simile, also makes a
comparisonbetween two unlike elements, but 暗喻）2)Metaphor：(）这种比喻不通过比喻隐喻
（metaphorunlikea simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated.
For间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。词进行，而是直接将用事物当作乙事物来描写，甲乙两事物之
example,the world is a stage./ The diamond department was the heart andcenter of the store.
Itis also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor whichusually uses 3) Analogy: (类比）
comparisonon one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between twounlike things that
haveseveral common qualities or points of resemblance.
Itgives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal 4)Personification: (拟人）
拟人抽象)to inanimate(无生命的)objects, or to ideas and abstractions().赋予attributes(拟
personification（）这种修辞方法是把人类的特点、特性加于外界事物之上，使之人格化，以物人，以达
到彼此交融，合二为一。．
5)Hyperbole: (夸张）Itis the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieveemphasis.
夸张（hyperbole）这是运用丰富的想象，过激的言词，渲染和装饰客观事物，以达到强调的效果。
1、Myblood froze. 我的血液都凝固了。
6)Understatement: (含蓄陈述）Itis the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. It achieves its
effectof emphasizing a fact by deliberately(故意地)understating it, impressing the listener or the
readermore by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement.For instance, It is no
laughingmatter.
7)Euphemism: (委婉）Itis the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(无冒犯)expression for
onethat may offend or suggest something unpleasant. For instance, werefer to die as”pass away.
8)Metonymy (转喻）Itis a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of themane of one
thingfor that of another. For instance, the pen (words) is mightier thanthe sword (forces). 借代
（metonymy）是指两种不同事物并不相似，但又密不可分，因而常用其中一种事物名称代替另一种。
9)Synecdoche (提喻）Itis involves the substitution of the part for the whole, or the wholefor the
part.提喻（synecdoche）又称举隅法，主要特点是局部代表全体，或以全体喻指部分，或以抽象代具体，
或以具体代抽象。
1、TheGreat Wall was made not only of stones and earth, but of the fleshand blood of millions of
men.长城不仅是用石头和土建造的，而且是用几百万人的血和肉建成的。句中的“theflesh and
blood”喻为“thegreat sacrifice”（巨大的牺牲）Forinstance, they say there's bread and work for all.
Shewas dressed in silks.
10）Antonomasia(换喻/替代）Ithas also to do with substitution. It is not often mentioned now,
thoughit is still in frequent use. In?rhetoric,?antonomasia?isa substitution of any?epithet?orphrase for
aproper name. The reverse process is also sometimes calledantonomasia. Antonomasia is a
particularform of?metonymy.For example, Solomon for a wise man. Daniel for a wise and fairjudge.
Judasfor a traitor.
11)Pun: (双关语）Itis a play on words, or rather a play on the form and meaning ofwords. 双关语
（pun）是以一个词或词组，用巧妙的办法同时把互不关联的两种含义结合起来，以取得一种诙谐有趣
的效果。Napoleonwas astonished.”Either you are mad, or I am,”he declared. “Both，sir!”
cried
theSwede proudly. “Both”一词一语双关，既指拿破仑和这位士兵都是疯子，又指这位战士参加过拿破
仑指挥的两次战役。Forinstance, a cannon-ball took off his legs, so he laid down his arms.(Here
armshas two meanings: a person's body; weapons carried by a soldier.)/Napoleon was
astonished.”Either you are mad, or I am,”he declared. “Both，sir!”cried the Swede proudly.
“Both”一词一语双关，既指拿破仑和这位士兵都是疯子，又指这位战士参加过拿破仑指挥的两次战役
Alliteration:(头韵）Ithas to do with the sound rather than the sense of words for effect.It is a
devicethat repeats the same sound at frequent intervals(间隔)and since the sound repeated is
usuallythe initial consonant sound, it is also called
rontrhyme. For instance, the fair breeze blew,
thewhite foam flew, the furrow followed free.头韵法（alliteration）在文句中有两个以上连结在一起的词
或词组，其开头的音节有同样的字母或声音，以增强语言的节奏感。
押韵(rhyme)，A?rhyme?isa repetition of similar sounds in two or more words and is most oftenused
in?poetry?and?songs .?赘述(tautology)A?rhetorical?tautologycan also be defined as a series of statements
thatcomprise an argument,
wherebythe statements are constructed in such a way that the truth of theproposition is guaranteed or that the
truthof the proposition cannot be disputed by defining a term in terms ofanother self-referentially.
13.单词的定义：
Aword may be defined as a fundamental unit of speech and a minimumfree form;
witha unity of sound
andmeaning (both lexical and grammatical meaning), capable of performinga given
syntacticfunction.
14.rootstem base 的区别(P.33)
Aroot is a form which is not further analyzable, either in terms ofderivational
orinflectional Root:morphology.It is that part of a word-form that remains when
allthe inflectional and derivational affixes
havebeen removed. A root is the basic part always present in a lexeme.(i.e.
desireis the root in the
isthe prefix ) -ableis the suffix, un-undesirableword, orphology….
Stem:Bauerdefines stem as A stem is of concern only when dealing withinflectional
mInflectional(but not derivational) affixes are added to it: it is the part of
theword-form which remains
;in undesirablewhen all inflectional affixes have been removed. (I.e.in the
word,the stem is undesirable.)desire,the stem is desiredtheword
Basemay be defined as a form to which a rule of word-formation is applied.This
meansthat Base:
anyroot or
stemcan be termed a base .
15.etymology morphology，搞清四个术语terminology，neologism，
Etymology:The study of the origin of words, and of their history and changes
intheir meaning.
Neologism:New words or new meanings for established words)(P.6)
Morphology:the study of morpheme and their different forms.
consistsof technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas
asin Terminology: 术语medicine:
16.？根据什么来猜单词的意思，一句话中来猜斜体单词的意义？Fromthe context, guessing
meaningof a word. 到时根据具体题目猜单词。17.(P.9-P.10)
本族语词汇的特征？Thetypical feature of most native words in Modern English is
monosyllabic(having only one
syllable).
Thefundamental features of the basic word stock:
1.National character
2.stability
3.word-formation ability
4.Abilityto from colletction
18.(P.22)词素变体？Allomorphs
1)An allomorph is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditionedby position
oradjoining
sounds;
2)The allomophs such as -ion/ -tion/ -sion/ -ation do not differ inmeaning or
functionbut show a slight
.
differencein sound depending on the final phoneme of the preceding verbs3)
Allomorphsmay occur among the positional variants of the same suffix, like-ion/
-tion/-sion/ -ation ,they may also occur among prefixes. Their forms thendepends
onthe first letter of the verb to
occurringbefore p,b,or m (e.g. imperfect, Imbalance, which they will be added,
forexample, im
;immobile)Native words: 9 most frequently used : you, and, it, will, have, to,be, of, the
19.(p17-18)功能词和实词Functionwards:
1.oftenshort words such as: determiners, conjunction, prepositions,
auxiliaries,and so forth
2.haveno much lexical meaning and some of them have no lexical meaning,they
servegrammatically
morethan any words-grammatical meaning
3.number:relatively small and permanent set of words compared with contentwords
(154total
number)
4.closedin the sense that they cannot be extended by the creation of newwords.
closedlists:
5. highfrequency of occurrence
Contentwords :
1.rstates(they' re nouns, main verbs, adjectives, and
usedto name objects, qualities, actions, process oadverb of a language)
2.haveindependent lexical meaning.
3.number:large (one million-154)
4.Openlists: the list is open in the sense that it's indefinitelyextendible
5.lowfrequency of occurrence compared with function words
20.搞清绝对同音同形词和多义词的区别？Perfecthomonyms refer to the words identical
insound and spelling but different in meaning (see the
exampleson p. 115 and p.116 ) .(it exists in two words though their spelling
andsounds are identical)
Theword polysemy is of Greek origin. It has been defined as ...A termused in
semanticanalysis to
referto a lexical item which has a range of different meanings. (it's theone
wordwhich has a range of
differentmeanings)
题分 15二、填空题201.)
语境的分类(同选择题第五题2.）P.239century这本词典是什么样的词典？（encyclopedicThefirst
dictionaryin the U.S. 百科全书类词典 3.(P.93)
任意性和规约性Arbitrary:there is no intrinsic relation between the sound-symbol
andits sense.
Conventional:there is no way to explain why this or that sound-symbol has this
orthat meaning beyond
thefact that the people of a given community have agreed to use one todesignate
theother.
4.(P.111)多义的两个过程1.Radiation
2.concatenation
5.(P.96-101)
词汇意义和语法意义Grammaticalmeaning consists of word-class and inflectional
paradigm
Lexicalmeaning can be subdivided into four types:
1)Denotative meaning;
2)Connotative meaning;
3)Social meaning;
4)Affective meaning
6.)同选择题14rootstem base 的区别(7.?分析单词定义的方法？8.同音同形的分类English
homonymscan be classified into:
1)Perfect homonyms;
2)Homophones;
.
3)Homographs
9.）同音同形词四个起源？（P.117-1191.Phoneticconvergence
2.Semanticconvergence
3.Foreigninfluence
4.Shortening
10.歧义（定义）Ambiguitiesrefers to a phenomenon that a word, a phrase, sentence
orgroup of sentences may have
morethan one possible interpretation or meaning.
Type:lexical ambiguity; grammatical ambiguity
11.语法意义分类？ Grammaticalmeaning consists of word-class and inflectional
paradigm12.(P.214)
美国英语所独有，起源于美国英语的单词短语用法叫做？Americanisms,which means “aword, a
phrase,or usage originating in or peculiar to American English”
13.verbaltraffic(P.170)
Socialcause of changes in word meaning
Changein word meaning resulting from a constant verbal traffic (or shift)between
commonwords and
variouswords is referred to as social cause of semantic change.
Asa result of this constant verbal traffic between common words andtechnical
words,some technical
wordshave lost their specialized meanings and have come to be used in moregeneral
senses.Among the
numerousnew words connected with electricity, physical, chemistry, medicine,
mathematics,etc..
Thereverse process, in which a popular word is given a special meaningin a
specializedvocabulary, is
justas common.
14.披着羊皮的狼来源于(P.192)
Wolfin sheep's clothing comes from the Bible.
15.同义词的分类？(P.125-)
Thereare two kinds of synonyms in English
Theyare : 1) Complete synonyms; 2) Relative synonyms.
三、连线题（意义关系，语境类型，词义发展的四个趋势）
Fond(elevationof meaning; amelioration P.184),word-formation&word-building（synonym）,
page&page
(Perfecthomonyms p.119),starve(restrictionof meaning; specialization),living and
alive（relative
synonymin collocation and distribution P.130）,holiday(extensionof meaning;
generalization),silly（degenerationof meaning；pejoration）,color and red（hyponymy）,
niceball（foreigninfluence）,
visitingaunts can be boring (structuralambiguity arising from the grammatical analysis
ofa sentence or a
phraseP.158)
四、正误判断10题10分
五、简答题：同义词的文体特征(P.128)5分
synonymymay be similar in denotative meaning but differ inconnotative,stylistic
oraffective
meaning.defination:aword having the same meaning as another word:as one of two
ormore words of
thesame language and grammatical category having the same essential orgeneric
meaningand differing
onlyin connotation,application,or idiomatic use.Synonyms have various
kindsof
stylisticlayers. There are many words which refer to the same thing but belong
todifferent stylistic
layers:neutral (common), colloquial, literary, slang, vulgar, scientific and
technical,and so on.
Languageis like a dress. We vary our dress to suit the occasion. So is thesynonym.
分10六、图形题．